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本章主要介绍了评价型论点的两种立论方法：根据结果或原则立论。之前我们提过，结果立论法的哲学基础是功利主义；而原则立论法则基于义务论。尽管各自有支持者与反对者，这两种哲学立论都有其重要地位。
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在构建评价型论证的时候，结果型或原则型立论法都是不错的选择。通常，辩手们会同时采用两种立论法证明自己的观点。随着辩论理论和实践经验的丰富，这些立论方式将会变得越来越有用。
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19.4 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 19
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Check your memory and comprehension by describing or defining these key terms and concepts:
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· Utilitarianism
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· Deontology
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19.5 Discussion Questions for Chapter 19
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· How can the descriptive, associational, and evaluative pattern be used to make an argument of consequence?
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· How can one use an argument about coexistence and essence to support the idea that a certain principle is a good one?
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· How can one use an argument by analogy to support the idea that a certain principle is a good one?
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19.6 Exercises for Chapter 19
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· Exercise 1:
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Select a motion from one of the earlier chapters or a motion that you find interesting. Construct at least two arguments to support this motion, one using consequences and the other using principles.
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· Exercise 2:
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Using the same motion, construct at least two arguments to oppose the motion, one using consequences and the other using principles.
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思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 Chapter 20Combining Claims Coherently
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Robert Trapp
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Chapter Outline
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20.1 Supporting a Main Claim with a Series of Sub-Claims
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20.2 A Pattern for Combining Sub-Claims to Support a Primary Claim
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