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· Exercise 1:
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Select a motion from one of the earlier chapters or a motion that you find interesting. Construct at least two arguments to support this motion, one using consequences and the other using principles.
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· Exercise 2:
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Using the same motion, construct at least two arguments to oppose the motion, one using consequences and the other using principles.
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思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 Chapter 20Combining Claims Coherently
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Robert Trapp
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Chapter Outline
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20.1 Supporting a Main Claim with a Series of Sub-Claims
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20.2 A Pattern for Combining Sub-Claims to Support a Primary Claim
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20.3 Using the General Pattern to Create Arguments
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20.4 Summary
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20.5 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 20
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20.6 Discussion Questions for Chapter 20
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20.7 Exercise for Chapter 20
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In educational debate, debaters are called on to support a position for or against a motion. In debates outside the educational setting, debaters are called on to take a position for or against particular actions that may or may not be described as “motions for debate.” For instance, a person speaking in front of a civic group may need to take a position for or against spending more money to repair a swimming pool, deciding to build a public park, or deciding to invest more money on fire and police protection. In each of those issues, the person is expected to take a position and then support that position with rational arguments. Those arguments designed to support the position can be referred to as a “case.” A case, as stated earlier, is one or more arguments in support of the position. Under ordinary circumstances, the debater will decide to use more than one argument in order to make the case as strong as possible. So, whether proposing or opposing the actions, the debater needs to construct a series of arguments in support of his or her position. This chapter is about combining a series of arguments into a coherent whole in order to make the case as strong and persuasive as possible.
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20.1 Supporting a Main Claim with a Series of Sub-Claims
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Frequently, a debater will need to make a main claim that is supported by a series of sub-claims. The extent to which sub-claims are combined into a coherent whole is indicative of the overall strength of the argument and its persuasiveness. Developing one or more solid patterns for combining sub-claims into a primary claim is useful. A debater who has a pattern for combining sub-claims into the main claim can learn quickly to use that pattern to construct a series of sub-claims that will be and appear to be coherent with one another.
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20.2 A Pattern for Combining Sub-Claims to Support a Primary Claim
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This chapter will describe a pattern that fulfills that goal. It is not the only pattern that has ever been developed, nor is it one that everyone will determine to be the best. It is, however, one pattern that has proven useful to many people. The recommendation of this text is that students learn the described pattern for combining arguments coherently, then, as they become more advanced, they may decide to alter or to change the pattern completely. Students who learn the pattern initially will find that changing the parts of the pattern that may not work for them is easier and better than trying to develop their own pattern from scratch. The main point is that the pattern developed in this chapter is one that can be used as it is, or, after some practice, can be revised to suit debaters as they develop their own voice.
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