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This chapter also emphasized that fallacies are not the only criteria relevant to argument quality. Fallacies only relate to the logical dimension of argument. Even then, the presence of a fallacy does not mean an argument is not cogent or persuasive—only that it could be made more cogent and persuasive by removing the fallacy. Similarly, the absence of a fallacy does not mean the argument is persuasive—only that an argument without fallacies is more persuasive and cogent. As such, fallacies are as much a call for debaters to improve their arguments as they are a call for judges and audiences to reject the arguments.
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在之前的几章中，我们介绍了论证的种类、要素及其结构。本章则将重点放在了论证的质量上，介绍了区分好坏论证的特质。文中提到的三个评判标准是——论据的接受度、论点及论据间关联的相关度和充分度。除了这三个评价标准之外，本章也介绍了与这三种标准相对应的三种最基本的谬误——前提错误类谬误、相关性谬误以及充分性谬误。其中，每个种类下又列举了一些具体的谬误加以举例说明。
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此外，本章还强调，谬误并不是论证质量唯一的评价标准，它仅仅与论证逻辑这一衡量维度相关。存在谬误并不代表这个论证不具有说服力，这只是表示，如果去除了其中的谬误部分，它会更加令人信服。同样的，论证中不存在推理谬误也并不意味着这个论证具有说服力，只能表示这个论证因为没有推理谬误而相对更令人信服。综上所述，是否存在推理谬论不仅是辩手是否需要提高论证质量的重要依据，也是评委和观众判断是否能够接受论证的重要依据。
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21.4 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 21
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Check your memory and comprehension by describing or defining these key terms and concepts:
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· Johnson and Blair Model of Argument Cogency
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· Acceptability
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· Relevance
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· Sufficiency
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· Problematic premises
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· Begging the question
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· Fallacy of incompatibility
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· Fallacy of irrelevant reason
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· Argument ad hominem
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· Argument of straw
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· Red herring fallacy
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· Hasty conclusions
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· Hasty generalization
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· Slippery slope arguments
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21.5 Discussion Questions for Chapter 21
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· How are the three criteria contained in the Johnson and Blair Model of Argument Cogency related to the overall structure of an argument?
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· Describe the three standards for argument acceptability.
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· Compare and contrast the standards of relevance and sufficiency.
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· What is the relationship between the absence or presence of fallacies and the cogency of arguments? Does the absence of a fallacy mean the argument is correct? Does the presence of a fallacy mean the argument is incorrect?
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