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There is a hole in your shirt.(你衬衫上有一个洞。)
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Find the mistake in this sentence.(从这句话中找出错误来。)
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3.画出以下各句的意象图式:
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I met John in the street.(我在街上遇到了John。)
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Salesman spend a lot of time on the road.(推销员在路上花很多时间。)
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如何运用两个图中的界标差异来解释in the street(在街上)和on the road(在路上)使用的对立?
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4.以下是一些由up和动词性成分所组成的复合名词及其在《朗文当代英语词典》(第四版)中的定义:
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upbringing:“the way that your parents care for you and teach you to behave when you are growing up”(在你成长过程中你的父母照顾你以及教育你如何行动的方式)
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upkeep:“the process of keeping something in good condition”(使某物保持良好的状态的过程)
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uproar:“a lot of noise or angry protest about something”(抗议某事的吵闹声或愤怒)
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upstart:“someone who behaves as if they were more important than they really are and shows a lack of respect towards people who are more experienced or older”(其行为表现他们得比实际更重要并缺少对更有经验或更年长的人尊重的人)
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upturn:“an increase in the level of something,especially in business activity.”(某物在层次上的增长,尤其是在商务活动中)
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这些不同的意义哪些肯定是从意象图式“up”(向上)中得来的?
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5.如图4.7所示,画出可被认为是与“up”(向上)相反的“down”(向下)的位置关系图。说明这个图式如何能与其他的图式合起来解释以下一些短语:up and down,down and out(“穷困潦倒”)和down under(“在澳大利亚”)。
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认知语言学导论(第二版) 4.2 主体,背景及两个隐喻:简单小句句型的认知解释
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如果主体/背景的区分只能用来解释介词意义,那它的重要性是有限的。然而它在语言学中还可以用到其他许多方面。这一节中我们将讨论到对它的另外一种应用——小句句型的描写,这将在下一节纳入更大的认知框架中。
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传统语法主张,简单小句一般应由三个关键成分组成:主语、动词性成分(或谓语)、补足语(如宾语或状语)。以下各句说明了这种标准句型(句(4)和句(8)自Langacker 1991):
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1.Susan resembles my sister.(Susan像我的姐姐。)
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2.Susan is peeling a banana.(Susan正在剥香蕉。)
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3.Susan loves bananas.(Susan喜欢香蕉。)
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4.The hammer breaks the glasses.(锤子敲碎了玻璃。)
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5.Susan has a large library.(Susan有一个大图书馆。)
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6.Susan received the present.(Susan收到了礼物。)
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