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Stranger still, though Jacques-Dalcroze, like all these great teachers, is the completest of tyrants, knowing what is right and that he must and will have the lesson just so or else break his heart(not somebody else’s, observe), yet his school is so fascinating that every woman who sees it exclaims: “Oh why was I not taught like this!” and elderly gentlemen excitedly enroll themselves as students and distract classes of infants by their desperate endeavours to beat two in a bar with one hand and three with the other, and start off on earnest walks around the room, taking two steps backward whenever M. Dalcroze calls out “Hop!”
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更为奇怪的是,尽管雅克-达克罗兹和所有那些伟大的教师一样,是一个彻头彻尾的专制者,但他知道什么是正确的教法,一定要这样上课,否则就会伤透心——注意,伤的可不是别人的心。然而,他的学校却具有无比的吸引力,每一个见过的女人都会说:“哎呀,为什么没有老师这样教过我呢?”而一些老大不小的绅士们则兴致勃勃地报名参加他的舞蹈班,他们竭尽全力地一手打着二拍、一手打着三拍,并认认真真地在教室里绕圈,当达克罗兹喊“跳”的时候,就立刻后退两步。他们的表现不免让班里的孩子们分心侧目。
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的确,如果把70年的平均寿命撇在一边,我们每个人都能说出无限多的句子,这就像数学上存在无限多的整数一样。当你认为自己找到了最大的整数之后,只要加上个1,一个新的整数又出现了,所以句子的数量也一定是无限的。根据《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》(The Guinness Book of World Records)的记录,世界上最长的英文句子出自威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)的小说《押沙龙,押沙龙!》(Absalom, Absalom!),该句长达1 300字。它的开头是:
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They both bore it as though in deliberate flagellant exaltation …
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他俩都心甘情愿地承受它,如同宗教上的苦修……
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然而,我完全可以用下面这个句子来打破这个纪录,为自己赚得不朽的名声:
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Faulkner wrote, “They both bore it as though in deliberate flagellant exaltation …”
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福克纳写道:“他俩都心甘情愿地承受它,如同宗教上的苦修……”
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但这个名声很快就会化为过眼云烟,因为别人可以用下面这个句子打败我:
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Pinker wrote that Faulkner wrote, “They both bore it as though in deliberate flagellant exaltation …”
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平克写道,福克纳写道:“他俩都心甘情愿地承受它,如同宗教上的苦修……”
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当然,这个纪录也会旋即被人打破:
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Who cares that Pinker wrote that Faulkner wrote, “They both bore it as though in deliberate flagellant exaltation …” ?
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谁在乎平克写道福克纳写道“他俩都心甘情愿地承受它,如同宗教上的苦修……”?
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以此类推,这种“句子接力”可以永远继续下去。“有限域的无限应用”是人类大脑的一个特性,能使之区别于日常生活中的所有人工语言设备,比如会说话的玩具娃娃、能够提醒你关上车门的汽车以及声音甜美的电子语音信箱(“更多选择请按#号键”),它们依靠的都是固定列表中的预设语句。
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语法构造的第二个后果是,它是一个独立自主、与认知无涉的代码。语法只告诉我们应该如何组合文字来表达意义,而这些规则与人们相互之间传达的具体意义无关。因此,我们常常会有这种体会:虽然一些句子并不符合英语的语法规则,但我们却可以从常识上理解它们。下面就是一些例句,虽然它们在语法上有问题,但意思却非常好懂:
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Welcome to Chinese Restaurant. Please try your Nice Chinese Food with Chopsticks: the traditional and typical of Chinese glorious history and cultual.
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欢迎来到中国餐馆。请用筷子品尝美味的中国菜肴:它代表了中国的辉煌历史和传统文化。
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It’s a flying finches, they are.
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它是一群飞雀。
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The child seems sleeping.
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这孩子好像睡着了。
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Is raining.
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正在下雨。
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Sally poured the glass with water.
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