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1. very evolved ∕ *very kissed.
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2. He seems evolved. ∕ *He seems kissed
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3. How evolved is he? ∕ *How kissed is he?
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4. He is more evolved now than he was last year. ∕ *He is more kissed now than he was yesterday.
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5. a thoughtful, evolved, sweet friend. ∕ *a tall, kissed, thoughtful man.
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6. He was unevolved. ∕ *He was unkissed by a passionate lover.
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很明显，“evolved”的表现不像动词的被动语态，而像一个形容词。萨菲尔之所以会弄错，是因为形容词有时看起来很像动词的被动语态，而且二者的确存在一定的关联。但它们其实并不是一回事，这也正是鲍勃·迪伦的歌曲《雨天的第12号和第35号女人们》（Rainy Day Women#12&35）听起来令人捧腹的原因。
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They’ll stone you when you’re riding in your car.
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They’ll stone you when you’re playing your guitar.
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But I would not feel so all alone.
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Everybody must get stoned.
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当你开车子的时候，他们会拿石头扔你，
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当你弹吉他的时候，他们会拿石头扔你，
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是的，但我不觉得自己是那么孤独，
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因为每个人都“喝醉了”，不是吗？
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这一发现引领我们走近“evolved”的真正源头。既然它是形容词而不是动词被动式，我们就无须在意是否存在一个与它对应的主动句。为了追根溯源，我们必须在英语中找到一条由不及物动词派生形容词的规则。这条规则确实存在，它针对的是那些表示状态变化的动词（语言学家称之为非宾格动词），并通过这些动词的分词形式来派生出新的形容词：
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time that has elapsed → elapsed time
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a leaf that has fallen → a fallen leaf
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a man who has traveled widely → a widely traveled man
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a testicle that has not descended into the scrotum → an undescended testicle
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a Christ that has risen from the dead → a risen Christ
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a window that has stuck →a stuck window
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the snow which has drifted → the drifted snow
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a Catholic who has lapsed → a lapsed Catholic
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a lung that has collapsed → a collapsed lung
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