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在被试汉语学习策略与年级的关系方面,该研究发现,整体上差异显著。即二年级使用策略最多,一、三年级使用策略较少。分析认为,一年级时由于汉语水平较低,很多策略的使用往往会受到一定程度的限制。二年级时随着汉语水平的提高,使用学习策略的限制逐渐减少,成功的语言学习也促进了学习策略的使用,因而学习策略的使用频率大大增加。三年级时学习进入了一个转折时期,一方面是语言水平较高,使学习的焦虑感和紧迫感开始下降;另一方面是离毕业还早,对学习需求产生了迷茫感,因此整体上进入了学习的懈怠期。
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总之,二语习得的能力和方法是影响二语习得过程和成效的个体因素的重要组成部分,国外已经展开了几十年的研究,无论在语言学能、还是在认知风格以及学习策略领域,都取得了丰富的研究成果。
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就中国国内而言,相关研究的历史并不长久,各领域研究的发展也极不平衡,表现出极为明显的选择性。在3个领域中,与语言学能研究少人问津、认知风格研究不温不火相比,学习策略研究尽管开始得最晚,却是一枝独秀,呈现出向国外先进水平急起直追之势。
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人们之所以对学习策略研究情有独钟,究其原因,恐怕主要还是由于其实用性,即可以直接用来指导教学。正如艾利斯(Ellis,1997)所指出的:学习策略研究既对语言教学法又对解释二语学习中的个体差异有着可观的前景。
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不过,我们认为,要想在整体上提高二语习得能力和方法的研究水平,尤其是理论水平,语言学能研究和认知风格研究同样是不可偏废的。
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