打字猴:1.705316559e+09
1705316559
1705316560 研究表明,因句式选择不当而产生的“语用语言”负迁移来自学习者的一语。法尔曲和卡斯珀(Færch&Kasper,1989)发现,学习者会错误地搬用一语中表示请求所用的词汇和句法材料,将它们变成中介语中的请求句式。例如,由于日语中可以使用疑问句式来表示不同意,于是日本学生用英语表达不同意时也就搬用了这种句式。
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1705316562 不过,语用负迁移不一定意味着二语学习者的语用能力差。当学习者用一种与其母语完全不同的二语进行交际时,如果出现生硬照搬母语的句式或者使用一种与该语言完全不同的句式,那可能确实是学生的语用能力问题,但当这种语用差异一旦被该语言的母语者所接受,那只是给该语言留下一些异文化的识别标记,却并不能以此来断言学生的语用能力不佳。例如,尽管外族人说话的口音表明他不是本族人,但作为本族人大体上会容忍对方的某些不地道的发音和表达方式。
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1705316564 总之,语用负迁移不一定会导致语用失误。交际双方成功的配合可以淡化交际中出现的语用差异,例如母语者可能“欣赏”对方的外国口音,从而使负迁移产生正面效果。此外,非母语者的中介语尽管与母语者的语言不同,但两者常常是互补,而不是对抗的,其结果可使交际得到意外的成功。这是因为,交际对抗的发生不在于交际双方的语言模式和语言习惯的不同,而在于文化观念的冲撞,即交际双方对权势、信赖、亲疏等概念的不同理解而导致的冲撞。
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1705316566 (4)跨文化交际中中介语的语用效果
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1705316568 中介语中出现的不符合目的语规范的语法、语音方面的偏离现象,是该语言的母语者很容易辨别出来的。出现这些偏离现象会有一个“好处”,那就是使母语者知道说话人是非母语者,从而也使讲不好该语言的非母语者减轻了心理上的压力。
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1705316570 相比之下,托马斯(Thomas,1983)认为,虽然二语能力强的人容易使跨文化交际获得成功,但是也仍然避免不了会出现“语用语言”和“社交语用和文化”方面的失误;如果他们在交际中出现语用失误,这些失误往往不容易被母语者察觉出来,而一旦被察觉出来,母语者又不会因说话人是非母语者而轻易给予原谅。换言之,这些人由于二语水平高,其语用失误不易引起母语者的注意而往往能够蒙混过关,而正是由于他们二语水平高,容易导致母语者对他们的过高期待,因而一旦察觉了他们的语用失误,就不会视为仅仅是一种非母语者的失误。
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