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第12章：人类对环境的影响
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503
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问题与讨论
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地理学家讲的“位置”有哪两种涵义，有什么不同的目的？当地理学家说“位置非常重要”时，支配他们兴趣的是位置的什么方面？
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“文化景观”这个术语指的是什么？文化景观的性质受自然环境的制约吗？
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“相对距离”这个术语提出了哪几种距离转换？“心理距离”的概念如何与相对距离相联系？
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距离、可达性和连通性的概念如何与空间相互作用过程相联系？
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地理学家为什么关注区域？形式区和功能区在概念和定义上有何不同？
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地理学的四种传统是什么？对于地理的理解力而言，它们是代表统一的还是分裂的方法？
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延伸阅读
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Abler, Ronald F., Melvin G. Marcus, and Judy M. Olson, eds. Geography’s Inner Worlds: Pervasive Themes in Contemporary American Geography. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992.
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Demko, George J., with Jerome Agel and Eugene Boe. Why in the World: Adventures in Geography. New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday, 1992.
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Geography for Life: National Geography Standards. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Research and Exploration, 1994.
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Holt-Jensen, Arild. Geography: Its History and Concepts. 3d ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1999.
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Janelle, Donald G., Barney Warf, and Kathy Hansen, eds. World Minds: Geographical Perspectives on 100 Problems. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2004.
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Lanegran, David A., and Risa Palm. An Invitation to Geography. 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978.
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Livingstone, David N. The Geographical Tradition. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1992.
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Martin, Geoffrey J. All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
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Massey, Doreen. “Introduction: Geography Matters.” In Geography Matters! A Reader, ed. Doreen Massey and John Allen, pp. 1-11. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
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Montello, Daniel R. “Regions in Geography: Process and Content.” In Foundations of Geographic Information Science. ed. M. Duckham, M.F. Goodchild, and M.F. Worboys, pp. 173-189. London: Taylor & Francis, 2003.
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Morrill, Richard L. “The Nature, Unity and Value of Geography.” Professional Geographer 35, no. 1 (Feb. 1983): 1-9.
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National Research Council. Rediscovering Geography Committee. Rediscovering Geography: New Relevance for Science and Society. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1997.
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Pattison, William D. “The Four Traditions of Geography.” Journal of Geography 63(1964): 211-16.
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Robinson, J. Lewis. “A New Look at the Four Traditions of Geography.” Journal of Geography 75 (1976): 520-530.
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Rogers, Alisdair and Heather A. Viles, eds. The Student’s Companion to Geography. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2003.
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