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但是，我们学习地理学并非止步于失望。我们以这样的信念来结束本章：我们现在对作为自然地理学和人文地理学基础的空间过程和格局的深刻认识，将帮助我们了解人类社会与我们所占据的——而且在很大程度上被改造了的——自然景观之间的无数种联系方式。
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问题与讨论
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画一张生物圈的示意图并予标注。简要指出各组分的内容。这些内容是永恒不变的吗？请给予解释。
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1705407550
生态系统、生态位和食物链这些概念是如何联系起来的？它们之中每一个怎样增加了我们对“自然之网”的理解？
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1705407552
用示意图或文字简述水文循环。人口增长、城市化和工业化如何影响水文循环？
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1705407554
是否所有环境污染都是人类活动造成的？我们什么时候能够判定生物圈的一部分发生了污染？
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1705407556
描述主要的水污染源。美国和其他国家采取了什么措施控制水污染？
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1705407558
影响一个地方空气污染的类型和程度的因素是什么？什么是酸雨？什么地方有酸雨问题？描述臭氧与光化学烟雾的关系。为什么臭氧层会损耗？
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1705407560
挖掘作业产生哪些地貌？倾倒作业形成哪些地貌？影响地面沉陷的主要原因是什么？
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简述人类影响动植物生活的主要方式。生物放大作用是什么意思？为什么使用生物杀灭剂是弄巧成拙？
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1705407564
社会上用什么方法处理固体废物？目前固体废物处理造成什么生态问题？政府怎样定义危险废物？危险废物是如何被处理的？
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延伸阅读
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Cunningham, W., M. Cunningham, and B. Saigo. Environmental Science: A Global Concern. 7th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2003.
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Diamond, Jared. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Viking, 2005.
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Enger, Eldon D., and Bradley F. Smith. Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationships. 9th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2004.
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Gleick, Peter. The World’s Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources. Covelo, Calif.: Island Press, biennial.
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1705407576
Goudie, Andrew. Encyclopedia of Global Change: Environmental Change and Human Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
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Goudie, Andrew. The Human Impact. 5th ed. New York: Blackwell, 2000.
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Harrison, Paul, and Fred Pearce. AAAS Atlas of Population and Environment. Victoria D. Markham, ed. Berkeley, Calif.: American Association for the Advancement of Science and the University of California Press, 2001.
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Horton, Tom. “Saving the Chesapeake.” National Geographic, June 2005, pp. 22-45.
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Kaufman, Donald G., and Cecilia M. Franz. Biosphere 2000: Protecting Our Global Environment. 3d ed. New York: HarperCollins, 2000.
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Mallin, Michael. “Impacts of Industrial Animal Production on Rivers and Estuaries.” American Scientist 88 ( Jan./Feb. 2000): 26-37.
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McGrath, Susan.“Attack of the Alien Invaders.” National Geographic, March 2005, pp. 92-117.
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McGuinn, Anne P. Safeguarding the Health of Oceans. Worldwatch Paper 145. Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, 1999.
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Miller, G. Tyler, Jr. Living in the Environment. 11th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1999.
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