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大气层是如何被加热的？什么是温度直减率？它怎样反映大气层的热量来源？请叙述逆温现象。
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气压和地表温度之间是什么样的关系？何谓气压梯度，它和天气预报有何关系？
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陆地和海洋区域以何种方式对同样的日射做出不同的反应？这些反应同大气层温度和气压有何关联？
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画出全球风和气压系统的示意图，并标出各组成部分的名称。说明每一个风带和气压带的形成与特性。为什么这些带是按纬度带排列的？
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何谓相对湿度？它如何受气温变化的影响？什么是露点？
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大规模降水有哪三种类型？每一种类型是怎样发生的？
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什么是气团？什么是锋？描述一个气旋性风暴的发展，说明它同气团和锋有何关系？
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哪些因素是形成今天天气的主要原因？
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叙述影响土壤形成的五个因素。各土层之间有何不同？我们如何区别不同的土壤类型？你所在区域的土壤属于哪个土纲？
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叙述称为“演替”的植被演化过程。先锋植物群落与顶极群落之间的差别是什么？
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总结每种气候类型下温度、湿度、植被和土壤的特征。
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东京、伦敦、圣保罗、圣彼得堡和曼谷分别属于什么样的气候？
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温室效应是由什么因素引起的？对环境会产生哪些影响？
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延伸阅读
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Aguado, Edward, and James E. Burt. Understanding Weather and Climate. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2007.
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Bair, Frank E. Climates of States. 5th ed. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005.
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Barry, R. G., and R. J. Chorley. Atmosphere, Weather, and Climate. 8th ed. New York: Routledge, 2003.
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Carroll, Chris.“Hurricane Warning.” National Geographic, August 2005, pp. 72-85.
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Danielson, E., J. Levin, and Elliot Abrams. Meteorology. 2d ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2002.
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Gardiner, Duane T., and Raymond Miller. Soils in Our Environment. 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2003.
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Geiger, Rudolf, Robert Aron, and Paul Todhunter. The Climate Near the Ground. 6th ed. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Little eld, 2003.
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Glantz, Michael H. Currents of Change: Impacts of El Niño and La Niña on Climate and Society. 2d ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
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“Global Warming.” National Geographic, September 2004, pp. 2-75.
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Gordon, Adrian, et al. Dynamic Meteorology: A Basic Course. 2d ed. London: Edward Arnold, 1997.
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Kolbert, Elizabeth. “The Climate of Man.” 3-part series, New Yorker, April 25, May 2, May 9, 2005.
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