打字猴:1.705415598e+09
1705415598 一位受尊敬的地理学家曾发表过这样的评论:“人口是一个基准点,从中可以观察到所有其他(地理)要素。”诚然,人口地理学是地理学研究人地关系中人类要素的起点。但是人口并不仅是数量单位的集成,也不仅是只通过统计分析就能有所了解的。各种社会不仅用人口的数量、比率与趋势等抽象数据来区分,还要考虑自身的经历、信仰、智能和愿望,这些要素被称为文化,它们共同构成人类的空间变量与行为变量。这就是下文我们要讨论的人类的多样性。
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1705415600 问题与讨论
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1705415602 粗出生率和生育率有何区别?哪个是对人口再生产数量更精确的说明?
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1705415604 粗死亡率如何计算?说明自1945年来世界死亡率下降的原因是什么?
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1705415606 人口金字塔如何构建?何种形状的“金字塔”反映人口快速增长的人口结构?何种“金字塔”反映人口增长缓慢的人口结构?根据“金字塔”的形状能对未来人口数量做出怎样的判断?
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1705415608 我们从自然增长率的格局中能够察觉怎样的变化,并由此了解人口增长的情况?什么样的自然增长率会使人口在35年内倍增?
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1705415610 根据现有人口状况如何预测未来人口数量?预测是否和预报一样?如果不是,它们在哪些方面有所不同?
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1705415612 描述人口转型的各阶段。转型的最后阶段出现在何处?看来适用于世界上其他地方人口转型的是什么?
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1705415614 对比人口原始密度、生理密度和农业密度,它们各自可能用于何种目的?为何承载力与密度概念有关?
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1705415616 对于人口增长与粮食供应之间的关系,马尔萨斯所隐含的假设是什么?新马尔萨斯主义和原来的学说有何差别?新马尔萨斯主义暗示了怎样的政府政策?
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1705415618 为何人口惯性对人口预测至关重要?在预测人口增长、稳定或下降状态的时候,世界上哪些地区的人口惯性影响最大?
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1705415620 延伸阅读
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1705415622 Brea, Jorge A.“Population Dynamics in Latin America.” Population Bulletin 58, no. 1. Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau, 2003.
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1705415624 Brown, Lester R., Gary Gardner, and Brian Halweil. Beyond Malthus: Nineteen Dimensions of the Population Challenge. New York: Norton, 1999.
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1705415626 Bulatao, Rodolfo A., and John B. Casterline, eds. Global Fertility Transition. Supplement to Population and Development Review 27 (2001).
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1705415628 Castles, Stephen, and Mark J. Miller. The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. 3d ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2003.
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1705415630 Cohen, Joel E. “Human Population Grows Up.” Scientific American, September 2005, pp. 48-55.
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1705415632 De Souza, Roger-Mark, John S. Williams, and Frederick A.B. Meyerson, “Critical Links: Population, Health, and the Environment.” Population Bulletin 58, no. 3. Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau, 2003.
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1705415634 Gelbard, Alene, Carl Haub, and Mary M. Kent. “World Population Beyond Six Billion.” Population Bulletin 54, no. 1. Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau, 1999.
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1705415636 Harrison, Paul, and Fred Pearce. AAAS Atlas of Population and Environment, ed. Victoria D. Markham. Berkeley, Calif.: American Association for the Advancement of Science and the University of California Press, 2001.
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1705415638 Haupt, Arthur, and Thomas Kane. Population Handbook. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau, 2004.
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1705415640 Kent, Mary M., and Carl Haub. “Global Demographic Divide.” Population Bulletin 60, no. 4. Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau, 2005.
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1705415642 Kinsella, Kevin, and David R. Phillips. “Global Aging: The Challenge of Success.”Population Bulletin 60, no. 1. Washington D.C.: Population Reference Bureau, 2005.
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1705415644 Martin, Philip, and Jonas Widgren. “International Migration: Facing the Challenge.” Population Bulletin 57, no. 1. Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau, 2002.
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1705415646 McFalls, Joseph A., Jr. “Population: A Lively Introduction.” 4th ed. Population Bulletin 58, no. 4. Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau, 2003.
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