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一切区域共有的空间要素或用以识别的特性是什么？
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用以识别形式区的特征是什么？其边界是如何被确定的？从本书前面章节中举出3个不同形式区的例子。每个形式区是如何被界定的，识别其的目的是什么？
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功能区是如何被界定的？其划界标准的本质是什么？给出先成界定的三四个功能区的例子。
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生态系统被认为是定界区域的一种可行方法。识别生态系统时提出了什么地理概念？一个生态系统等同于一个形式区吗？为什么？
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本章识别出了国家区域、语音区域、历史区域、规划区域和其他区域。你的日常事务中还有你所熟悉的其他区域实体吗？防火区、警务区、选区或分区制地区单元是否都是和本章或本书其他地方所讨论过的地理区相一致的区域单位？你或其他人对区域的定界如何影响着你们的生活？
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延伸阅读
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Borchert, John R. Megalopolis: Washington, D.C., to Boston. Series: Touring North America. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992.
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Freeman, T. W. A Hundred Years of Geography. Chapter 2,“The Regional Approach.” Chicago: Aldine, 1961.
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Gottmann, Jean. Megalopolis Revisited: 25 Years Later. College Park: Institute for Urban Studies, University of Maryland, 1987.
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Johnston, R. J., J. Hauer, and G. A. Koekveld, eds. Regional Geography: Current Developments and Future Prospects. New York: Routledge, 1990.
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McDonald, James R. “The Region: Its Conception, Design and Limitations.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 56 (1966): 516-28.
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Meinig, Donald. “The Mormon Culture Region: Strategies and Patterns in the Geography of the American West, 1847-1964.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 55 (1965): 191-220 (esp. 213-216).
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Minshull, Roger. Regional Geography. Chicago: Aldine, 1967.
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Moore, Tyrel G. “Core-Periphery Models, Regional Planning Theory, and Appalachian Development.”Professional Geographer 46, no. 3 (1994): 317-31.
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Murphey, Rhoads. The Scope of Geography. 3d ed. Chapter 2, “The Region.” London and New York: Methuen, 1982.
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Wheeler, James O. “Notes on the Rise of the Area Studies Tradition in U.S. Geography, 1920-1929.” Professional Geographer 38 (1986)
:53-61.
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Whittlesey, Derwent. “The Regional Concept and the Regional Method.” In American Geography: Inventory and Prospect, ed. Preston E. James and Clarence F. Jones. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press (for the Association of American Geographers), 1954.
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@万维网上和地理学有关的网站极其丰富。与本章主题有关的网站请见与本书有关的在线学习中心的“Web Links”部分。网址：www.mhhe.com/getis11e.
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① hierarchy system，原译作等级系统。全国科学技术名词审定委员会公布的《地理学名词》第2版（2006，科学出版社）译作递阶系统，释义为：“多个系统的集合，其中亚系统分层次地相互作用。”——译注
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② popular region多译作热门地区。此处根据本文语意，暂译作俚俗区。——译注
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③ 原文Dixie，是指美国南部和东部的地区，通常包括内战中组成南部邦联的各州。该称呼因19世纪中叶流行的说唱歌曲《迪克西的土地》（Dixie Land）而普及。——译注
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④ Adapted from The Physiographic Provinces of North America by Wallace W. Atwood. (© Copyright, 1940, by Ginn and Company. Used by permission of Silver, Burdett & Ginn, Inc.) ——原注
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⑤ George R. Rumney, Climatology and the World’s Climates. New York: Macmillan, 1968. Used by permission.——原注
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⑥ By Jerome Fellmann.——原注
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⑦ From Glenn T. Trewartha, The Less Developed Realm: A Geography of Its Population. Copyright © 1972 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.——原注
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