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[1] Taylor(2001),pp.129-131;John Smith,“A True Relation(1608)” in Lyon Gardiner Tyler,ed.,Narratives of Early Virginia ,New York:Scribner & Sons,1907,pp.136-137;Cary Carson et al.,“New World,Real World:Improvising English Culture in Seventeenth-Century Virginia,” Journal of Southern History ,February 2008,p.40.
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[2] Carson et al.,pp.40,68;Jack P.Greene,Pursuits of Happiness:The Social Development of Early Modern British Colonies and the Formation of American Culture ,Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1988,p.9.
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[3] Carson et al.,p.69.
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[4] Taylor(2001),pp.125-136.
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[5] Greene(1988),p.12.
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[6] Oscar and Mary F.Handlin,“Origins of the Southern Labor System,” William and Mary Quarterly ,April 1950,p.202;Bernard Bailyn,Voyagers to the West:A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution ,New York:Knopf,1986,pp.345-348;David Hackett Fischer,Albion’s Seed:Four British Folkways in America ,New York:Oxford University Press,1989,pp.401-402.
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[7] Greene(1988),p.84;Handlin & Handlin,pp.202-204;James H.Brewer,“Negro Property Owners in Seventeenth-Century Virginia,” William and Mary Quarterly ,October 1955,pp.576,578.
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[8] Taylor(2001),pp.136-137;Robert D.Mitchell,“American Origins and Regional Institutions:The Seventeenth Century Chesapeake,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers ,Vol.73,No.3,1983,pp.411-412.
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[9] 伯克利正确地将清教徒视为保王党的威胁:他们曾在马里兰同巴尔的摩勋爵的保王党武装力量发生小规模的冲突,短暂占领了殖民地的首府,并在1655年赢得了一场决定性的海战,使卡尔弗特家族失去权力长达十年。
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[10] Warren M.Billings,Sir William Berkeley and the Forging of Colonial Virginia ,Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,2004,pp.97-109;Kevin Phillips,The Cousins’Wars:Religion,Politics,and the Triumph of Anglo-America ,New York:Basic Books,1999,pp.58-59.
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[11] Billings(2004),p.107;Douglas Southall Freeman,Robert E.Lee:A Biography ,New York:Charles Scribner,1934,p.160;Fischer(1989),pp.212-219;David Hackett Fischer,“Albion and the Critics:Further Evidence and Reflection,” William and Mary Quarterly ,April 1991,p.287;Willard Sterne Randall,George Washington:A Life ,New York:Holt,1998,pp.9-13.
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[12] Wallace Notestein,The English People on the Eve of Colonization ,New York:Harper & Row,1954,pp.45-60;John Toland,ed.,The Oceana and other works of James Harrington,with an account of his life ,London:T.Becket & T.Cadell,1737,p.100.
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[13] Martin H.Quitt,“Immigrant Origins of the Virginia Gentry:A Study of Cultural Transmission and Innovation,” William and Mary Quarterly ,October 1988,pp.646-648.
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[14] Daniel J.Boorstin,The Americans:The Colonial Experience ,New York:Vintage,1958,pp.106-107.
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[15] Carson et al.,p.84.
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[16] Fischer(1989),pp.220-224.
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[17] Fischer(1989),pp.398-405;Rhys Isaac,The Transformation of Virginia ,New York:W.W.Norton,1982,pp.134-135.
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[18] David Hackett Fischer,Liberty and Freedom ,New York:Oxford University Press,2005,pp.5-9.
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[19] Isaac(1982),pp.35-39,66;Kornwolf and Kornwolf(2002),Vol.2,pp.578-588,725;Fischer(1989),p.412.
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[20] Fischer(1989),p.388;Greene(1988),pp.82-84.
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美利坚的民族:一部北美地区文化史 第四章 打造新英格兰
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由于历史的安排,新英格兰的主要殖民地是由那些完全反对沿海低地士绅们视若珍宝的几乎所有价值观的人士创建的。这些科德角的朝圣者和马萨诸塞湾的清教徒对有地贵族、贵族特权、英国国教以及保王党事业充满了敌意,对自己的新社会有着完全不同的憧憬。新英格兰是一个由教堂和学校组成、注重道德的民族。在新英格兰,每个社区都是一个自治共和国。新英格兰将在美洲大陆这片广袤的土地上留下不可磨灭的印记。
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这些朝圣者和(在更大程度上的)清教徒来到这片新大陆并不是为了重建英格兰乡村生活,而是为了创建一个全新的社会:一个实用的宗教乌托邦,一个基于约翰·卡尔文(John Calvin)教义的新教神权政体。他们将在新英格兰的荒野之中建立一个新的天国(Zion),一个“山巅之城”,以在动荡不安的年代为世界其他地方树立榜样。他们相信自己会成功的,因为他们是上帝的选民,通过一种类似《旧约》式协议同上帝绑定在一起。如果他们都按照上帝的意愿行事,那么他们就会得到回报。如果一位成员不这么做,他们就都可能受到惩罚。早期的马萨诸塞并不存在所谓的各人自扫门前雪这种情况:整个社区的救赎有赖于大家各司其职。
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