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沿海低地很早就获得解放了,而且流血相对较少。在弗吉尼亚,王家总督约翰·默里(John Murray)威胁要将奴隶武装起来以捍卫王室权威,但他本人却帮不上什么忙。1775年6月,他被驱逐出威廉斯堡,躲到停泊在切萨皮克的皇家海军护卫舰上。几个月后,他号召各地的保王党聚集到他那里,并发布了一条公告:奴隶们如果为了国王拿起武器,就将获得自由。这一提议招致了沿海低地的反对。数百名奴隶聚集到默里总督身边。其中一些奴隶将会在诺福克附近的大桥战役中同沿海低地民兵作战时英勇牺牲。在大桥战役中,默里战败,被迫放弃切萨皮克,逃跑时带走了一些“保王党黑人”。[19]
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1780年,英国人重返弗吉尼亚沿海低地时,大约有10000名奴隶逃离主人加入英军队伍,从而形成了该地区最大的保王党势力。一位种植园主感叹道:“奴隶们从四面八方加入英军队伍。”对于奴隶们来说不幸的是,康沃利斯率领的军队在约克敦的一个小烟草港口受到法国舰队以及大陆军的夹击,并于1781年10月投降。这一事件结束了这场战争,确保沿海低地获得了解放,并且扼杀了25万名奴隶获得自由的希望。[20]
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虽然面临着共同的威胁,但各民族在这场冲突中并未团结一致。各民族都进行了一场解放战争,但新尼德兰、内陆地区以及大阿巴拉契亚南部地区的大部分民众加入了战败的一方,并于1781年被彻底击败。胜利的一方——新英格兰、沿海低地、南方腹地以及大阿巴拉契亚北部地区——将为各种好处而战,包括他们试图巩固战时同盟的条款。
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[1] David Hackett Fischer,Paul Revere’s Ride ,New York:Oxford University Press,1995,p.151-154;Max M.Mintz,The Generals of Saratoga ,New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,1990,pp.82-84;Joseph Ellis,American Creation:Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic ,New York:Knopf,2007,pp.32-34.
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[2] Robert McCluer Calhoon,The Loyalists in Revolutionary America,1760-1781 ,New York:Harcourt Brace,1973,pp.371-372;Oscar Barck,New York City During the War for Independence ,Port Washington,NY:Ira J.Friedman Inc.,1931,pp.41-44;Judith L.Van Buskirk,Generous Enemies:Patriots and Loyalists in Revolutionary New York ,Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,2002,p.16.
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[3] Bart McDowell,The Revolutionary War:Americas Fight for Freedom ,Washington,D.C.:National Geographic Society,1977,pp.58-60;Calhoon,pp.373-377;Countryman(1976),p.657;Christopher Moore,The Loyalists:Revolution,Exile,Settlement ,Toronto:Macmillan of Canada,1984,pp.93-101;Reverend Ewald Schaukirk quoted in Van Buskirk,p.21;Barck,pp.78,192-195;Calhoon,pp.362-363;Edwin G.Burrows and Mike Wallace,Gotham:A History of New York City to 1898 ,New York:Oxford University Press,2000,p.194.
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[4] Calhoon(1973),pp.356-358;Piers Mackesy,“British Strategy in the War of American Independence,” in David L.Jacobson,ed.,Essays on the American Revolution ,New York:Holt,Rinehart and Winston,1970,pp.174-6.
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[5] Moore(1984),pp.107-109;Buskirk(2002),pp.179,193.
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[6] Calhoon(1973),pp.360,382-390.
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[7] Calhoon(1973),pp.390-395;McDowell(1977),pp.66-81.
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[8] Anne M.Ousterhout,“Controlling the Opposition in Pennsylvania during the American Revolution,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography ,Vol.105,No.1,January 1981,pp.4-5,16-17,30.
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[9] Olwell(1989),pp.30-32,38.
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[10] Olwell(1989),pp.37-48.
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[11] Zubly quoted in Gordon S.Wood,The Creation of the American Republic,1776-1787 ,Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1969,p.95;Olwell(1989),p.36;W.W.Abbot,“Lowcountry,Backcountry:A View of Georgia in the American Revolution,” in Hoffman et al.,(1985),pp.326-328.
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[12]
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[13] Calhoon(1973),p.474.
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[14] Leyburn(1962),p.305.
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[15] Richard R.Beeman,“The Political Response to Social Conflict in the Southern Backcountry” in Hoffman et al.,(1985),p.231;Ekrich in Hoffman et al.,pp.99-100,103-111;Crow in Hoffman et al.,pp.162,168-169;Fischer(2005),pp.82-84.
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[16] Olwell(1989),pp.32,37;British Maj. George Hanger quoted in Robert M.Weir,“The Violent Spirit:the Reestablishment of Order and the Continuity of Leadership in Post-Revolutionary South Carolina,” in Hoffman et al.,(1985),p.74;Henry Lee to Gen. Greene,4 June 1781,in Richard K.Showman,ed.,The Papers of General Nathanael Greene ,Vol.8,Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2005,pp.300-311.
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[17] Weir in Hoffman et al.,(1985),p.71-78;Calhoon,pp.491-495.
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[18] Weir in Hoffman et al.,(1985),pp.76-77.
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[19] Olwell(1989),pp.36,40-41.
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[20] Gary B.Nash,The Unknown American Revolution:The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America ,New York:Penguin,2006,pp.335-339.
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