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[3] See http://atlas.lib.niu.edu/Website/Election_1860/;Fischer(1989),p.857.
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[4] Freehling(2007),pp.27-30;John Henry Hammond,Two Letters on Slavery in the United States ,Columbia,SC:Allen,McCarter & Co.,1845,p.10.
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[5] Freehling(2007),pp.30-32;Hammond(1845),p.15.
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[6]London Times ,28 May 1851,p.10.
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[7]London Times ,28 May 1851,p.10.
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[8] Phillips(1999),p.372;Marc Engal,“Rethinking the Secession of the Lower South:The Clash of Two Groups,” Civil War History ,Vol.50,No.3,2004,pp.261-290;Dunbar Rowland,Encyclopedia of Mississippi History ,Vol.1,Madison,WI:Selwyn A.Brant,1907,pp.216-217.
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[9] William C.Wright,The Secession Movement in the Middle Atlantic States ,Rutherford,NJ:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press,1973,pp.210-212.
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[10] Phillips(1999),pp.424-427;Burrows and Wallace(2000),pp.560-562.
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[11] Wright(1973),pp.176-178;“Mayor Wood’s Recommendation on the Secession of New York City,” 6 January 1861;“The Position of New York,” New York Herald ,3 April 1861,p.1.
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[12] Wright(1973),pp.191,203-205.
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[13] Phillips(1999),pp.435-436;Wright(1973),pp.34-46.
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[14] Wright(1973),pp.40,161-162.
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[15] Freehling(2007),pp.35-38.
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[16] 在英国内战期间,议会支持者因其非同寻常的短发而得名“圆颅党”。
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[17] Robert B.Bonner,“Roundheaded Cavaliers?The Context and Limits of a Confederate Racial Project,” Civil War History ,Vol.58,No.1,2002,pp.34-35,42,44-45,49;“A Contest for the Supremacy of Race,as between the Saxon Puritan of the North and the Norman of the South,” Southern Literary Messenger ,Vol.33,July 1861,pp.23-24;J.Quitman Moore,“Southern Civilization,or the Norman in America,” DeBow’s Review ,Vol.32,January 1862,pp.11-13;Jan C.Dawson,“The Puritan and the Cavalier:The South’s Perceptions of Contrasting Traditions,” Journal of Southern History ,Vol.64,No.4,November 1978,pp.600,609-612.
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[18] Etcheson(1996),pp.109-110.
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[19] Etcheson(1996),pp.110-111,115-117.
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[20] Engal(2004),pp.262,285-286;Freehling(2007),pp.501-506;Richard Nelson Current,Lincoln’s Loyalists:Union Soldiers from the Confederacy ,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1992,pp.1-8.
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[21] Current,pp.14-20,29-60;Etcheson(1996),pp.137-129.
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[22] Freehling(2007),pp.527-541.
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[23] Eric Foner,Reconstruction:America’s Unfinished Revolution,1863-1877 ,New York:Harper & Row,1988,pp.354-355;Fischer(1989),pp.862-863.
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[24] Fischer(1989),p.863.
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美利坚的民族:一部北美地区文化史 第四部分 文化之战:1878~2010
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