1706282345

1706282346 [4][Francis W. Palfrey],In Memoriam: H.L.A.(Boston: Printed for private distribution, 1864), p. 5; Richard Shryock,“A Medical Perspective on the Civil War,”American Quarterly 14(Summer1962): 164; H. Clay Trumbull,War Memories of an Army Chaplain (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1898), p. 67.这段时间的关键数据非常少，最完整的数据只涵盖马萨诸塞州。我感谢天普大学（Temple University）的历史人口学家Gretchen Condran同我讨论这些问题。参见U.S. Bureau of the Census,Historical Statistics of the United States, Part I (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975), pp. 62—63。关于19世纪中叶的英格兰“一个成年孩子的过早死亡”之为“尤其令人痛心的事情”，参见Patricia Jalland,Death in the Victorian Family(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 39。

1706282347

1706282348 [5]“死亡之丰收”意象一次引人注目的呈现，出现于Timothy O’Sullivan的一张关于葛底斯堡战场满地死人的照片被加的标题中，此照片出自Alexander Gardner, Gardner’sPhotographic Sketchbook of the War(1866; rpt. New York: Dover, 1959), plate 36; Kate Stone, Brokenburn:The Journal of Kate Stone, 1861—1868, ed. John Q. Anderson (Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 1955), p. 264; C. W. Greene to John McLees, August 15, 1862, McLees Family Papers, SCL。

1706282349

1706282350 [6][Frederick Law Olmsted],Hospital Transports: A Memoir of the Embarkation of the Sick and Wounded from the Peninsula of Virginia in the Summer of 1862(Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1863), p. 115.

1706282351

1706282352 [7]关于死亡的文献非常丰富浩瀚。这本书在其他处未引用的一些关键文本，包括Thomas Lynch,The Undertaking: Life Studies from the Dismal Trade(New York: W. W.Norton, 1997); Thomas Lynch,Bodies in Motion and at Rest: On Metaphor and Mortality (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000); Sandra Gilbert,Death’s Door: Modern Dying and the Way We Grieve(NewYork: W. W. Norton, 2006); Paul Monette, Borrowed Time:An AIDS Memoir(San Diego, Calif.: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988); Paul Monette,Last Watch of the Night(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994); Jessica Mitford,The American Way of Death(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963); Sherwin B. Nuland,How We Die: Reflections on Life’s Final Chapter(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994); Maurice Bloch and Jonathan Parry, eds.,Death and the Regeneration of Life(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Peter Metcalfand Richard Huntington,Celebrations of Death: The Anthropology of Mortuary Ritual, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991)。

1706282353

1706282354 [8]Mrs. Carson to R. F. Taylor, September 14, 1864, Carson Family Papers, SCL.关于自我观念的变迁，参见Charles Taylor,Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989),与Jerrold Seigel,The Idea of the Self: Thought and Experience in Western Europe Since the Seventeenth Century(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005)。

1706282355

1706282356 [9]New York Times, October 20, 1862.参见William A. Frassanito,Antietam: The Photographic Legacy of America’s Bloodiest Day (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1978); Franny Nudelman,John Brown’s Body: Slavery, Violence and the Culture of War(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), pp. 103—131; and Alan Trachtenberg,Reading American Photographs: Images as History, Mathew Brady to Walker Evans(New York: Hill & Wang, 1989)。即使我们承认内战摄影的影响，我们也需要意识到，真正看过布雷迪或其他人关于死人的摄影的美国人非常少。报纸与杂志尚无法复制照片，只能用它们的雕版来印刷，例如本书所包含的《哈珀周刊》插图便是如此。

1706282357

1706282358 [10]Maude Morrow Brown Manuscript, z/0907.000/S, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, Miss.;关于19世纪的科学与变化了的死亡之意义，参见Adam Phillips,Darwin’s Worms: On Life Stories and Death Stories(New York: Basic Books, 2000)。

1706282359

1706282360 [11]宪法真正的捍卫者”。根据詹姆斯·沃克（James Walker）的一幅素描制成的雕版画，《哈珀周刊》，1865年11月11日。

1706282361

1706282362 [12]1862年9月，安蒂特姆的南部邦联死难者”。亚历山大·加德纳摄。国会图书馆。

1706282363

1706282364 第一章 死亡

1706282365

1706282366 [1]Chesnut的话引自James Shepherd Pike, The Prostrate State(New York: D. Appleton, 1874), pp. 74—75。

1706282367

1706282368 [2]致Mattie J. McGaw的信, 1863年5月5日, McGaw Family Papers, SCL。关于美国革命时期大陆军的规模及其死亡率的分析，参见Charles H. Lesser,The Sinews of Independence (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), pp. 84—86,与Howard H. Peckham,The Toll of Independence(Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1974)。关于内战军队规模，参见James M. McPherson,Battle Cry of Freedom(New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 306n。

1706282369

1706282370 [3]Alonzo Abernethy,“Incidents of an Iowa Soldier’s Life, or Four Years in Dixie,”Annals of Iowa, 3rd ser. 12 (1920): 411; William A.Hammond,“Medical Care, Battle Wounds, and Disease,”online at www.civilwarhome.com/civilwarmedicine.htm; George Worthington Adams,Doctors in Blue: The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War(New York: H. Schuman, 1952), pp. 222, 242, 125.关于南部邦联军队腹泻与痢疾，参见Horace Cunningham, Doctors in Gray:The Confederate Medical Service (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1958), p. 185; Paul E. Steiner,Disease in the Civil War: Natural Biological Warfare in 1861—1865(Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1968), p. 14。营地水槽部分引自U.S. Sanitary Commission,Two Reports on the Condition of Military Hospitals(New York: W. C. Bryant, 1862), p.6。另参见Joseph Janner Woodward,Outlines of the Chief Camp Diseases of the United States Armies as Observed During the Present War(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1863); Robert E. Denney,Civil War Medicine: Care and Comfort of the Wounded (New York: Sterling, 1994); John W. Schildt,Antietam Hospitals (Chewsville, Md.: Antietam Publications, 1987); Frank R. Freemon,Gangrene and Glory: Medical Care During the American Civil War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998); James I. Robertson Jr.,Soldiers Blue and Gray(Columbia: University of South CarolinaPress, 1988), pp. 145—169。另参见Lisa Herschbach,“Fragmentation and Reunion: Medicine, Memory and Body in the American Civil War,”Ph.D. diss. (Harvard University, 1997)。

1706282371

1706282372 [4]The Sentinel: Selected for the SoldiersNo. 319 (Petersburg, Va.:n.p., 1861), p. 1.

1706282373

1706282374 [5]E. G. Abbott to Mother, February 8, 1862, Abbott Family, Civil War Letters, MS Am 800.26(5), Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

1706282375

1706282376 [6]A. D. Kirwan, ed.,Johnny Green of the Orphan Brigade: The Journal of a Confederate Soldier (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1956), p. 93.

1706282377

1706282378 [7]John Weissert to Dearest wife and children, October 17, 1862. Box1, Correspondence Sept.–Oct. 1862, John Weissert Papers, BHL.

1706282379

1706282380 [8]Jeremy Taylor,The Rule and Exercises of Holy Dying(London: R.Royston, 1651); Jeremy Taylor,The Rule and Exercises of Holy Living(London: Francis Ash, 1650); Sister Mary Catherine O’Connor,The Art of Dying Well: The Development of the Ars Moriendi (New York: Columbia University Press, 1942), pp. 11, 208.另参见L. M. Beier,“The Good Death in Seventeenth Century England”, in Ralph Houlbrooke, ed.,Death, Ritual and Bereavement(New York: Routledge, 1989); Ralph Houlbrooke,Death, Religion, and the Family in England, 1480—1750 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998); Ralph Houlbrooke,“The Puritan Death-Bed, c. 1560–c. 1600”, in C. Durston and J. Eales, eds.,The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560—1700(New York: St. Martin’s, 1996), pp. 122—144; M. C. Cross,“The Third Earl of Huntingdon’s Death-Bed: A Calvinist Example of the Ars Moriendi,”Northern History21 (1985): 80—107; R. Wunderle and G. Broce,“The Final Moment Before Death in Early Modern England,”Sixteenth Century Journal20 (1989): 259—275; David Cressy,Birth, Marriage and Death: Ritual, Religion and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997)。

1706282381

1706282382 [9]Frances Comper, ed.,The Book of the Craft of Dying and Other Early English Tracts Concerning Death(London, 1917); Nancy Lee Beaty,The Craft of Dying: A Study in the Literary Tradition of the Ars Moriendi in England(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970); Jeremy Taylor,The Rule and Exercises of Holy Dying(London: R.Royston, 1651).在19世纪上半叶，Taylor的书至少有8个版本在伦敦出版，在波士顿有1864年版与1865年版；费城有1835年、1859年、1869年版；纽约有1864年版。关于建议与行为指导类图书中的“死亡之艺术”概念，参见Margaret Spufford,Small Booksand Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and Its Readership in Seventeenth Century England(Athens: University of GeorgiaPress, 1981), pp. 200—208。关于一则布道的一个例子，参见Eleazer Mather Porter Wells,Preparation for Death…Trinity Church, Boston (n.p., 1852)。关于公众健康，参见John Willison,The Afflicted Man’s Companion(Pittsburgh: Luke Loomis & Co., 1830)一书的许多美国版本，该书被纽约的美国小册子协会（American Tract Society）于1851年重印。Dickens的连载小说The Old Curiosity Shop如此受欢迎，以至于纽约人在码头排队等待新一分册的到来，以得知Little Nell的命运。Harriet Beecher Stowe的Uncle Tom’s Cabin是19世纪美国最畅销的书。Charles Dickens,The Old Curiosity Shop(London, 1841); William Makepeace Thackeray,The Newcomes(London: Bradbury & Evans, 1844—1845); Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Boston: John P.Jewett, 1851).另参见Samuel Richardson’sClarissa, or, the History of a Young Lady(London: Published for S. Richardson, 1748)一书对死亡所作的分析。

1706282383

1706282384 [10]William Corby,Memoirs of Chaplain Life(Notre Dame, Ind.: Scholastic Press, 1894), p. 184.关于这一时刻的纪念碑，位于圣母（Notre Dame）与葛底斯堡战场。据估计，天主教徒占联邦军队士兵的7%。而南部邦联士兵中天主教徒的比例应小得多。参见Randall M. Miller,“Catholic Religion, Irish Ethnicity, and the Civil War,”in Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds.,Religion and the American Civil War (New York:Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 261。

1706282385

1706282386 [11]Bertram Korn,American Jewry and the Civil War(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1951), p. 59; D. DeSola Pool,“The Diary of Chaplain Michael M. Allen, September 1861,”Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society39 (September 1949): 177—182; L. J. Lederman, letter to parents of David Zehden upon his death, quoted in Mel Young,Where They Lie: The Story of the Jewish Soldiers…(Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1991), p. 149; Rebecca Gratz,Letters of Rebecca Gratz, ed. Rabbi David Philipson (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1929), pp. 426—427.参见From This World to the Next: Jewish Approaches to Illness, Death and the After life(New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1999), and Jack Riemer, ed.,Jewish Insights on Death and Mourning(New York: Schocken Books, 1995), pp. 309—353.关于泛基督教主义（ecumenism），参见Korn,American Jewry and the Civil War, p. 59; Warren B. Armstrong,For Courageous Fighting and Confident Dying: Union Chaplains in the Civil Wa(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), pp. 53—54; Kurt O. Berends,“‘Wholesome Reading Purifies and Elevates the Man’: The Religious Military Press in the Confederacy,”in Miller, Stout, and Wilson, eds.,Religion and the American Civil War, pp. 134, 157; Peter Paul Cooney,“The War Letters of Father Peter Paul Cooney of the Congregation of the Holy Cross,”ed.Thomas McAvoy, Records of the American Catholic Historical Society44 (1933): 223, 164; Louis-Hippolyte Gache,A Frenchman, a Chaplain, a Rebel: The War Letters of Louis-Hippolyte Gache(Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1991), pp. 176—177, 118—119; Sara Trainer Smith, ed.,“Noteson Satterlee Hospital, West Philadelphia,”Records of the American Catholic Historical Society8 (1897): 404。关于那种泛基督教主义的局限性，参见Gache, Frenchman, pp. 190—191。

1706282387

1706282388 [12]Once to Die(Richmond, Va.: Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 186—), p. 3;另参见Karl S. Guthke,Last Words:Variations on a Theme in Cultural History(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 36。

1706282389

1706282390 [13]Confederate States Christian Association for the Relief of Prisoners (Fort Delaware), Minutes, March 31, 1865, Francis Atherton Boyle Books, 1555 Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (hereafter SHC); James Gray to Sister, June 12, 1864, in Mills Lane, ed., Dear Mother:Don’t Grieve About Me. If I Get Killed, I’ll Only Be Dead: Letters from Georgia Soldiers in the Civil War(Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1990), p. 300.另参见William Stilwell to Molly, September 18, 1862, in Lane, Dear Mother, p. 185; letter to Mollie J. McGaw, May5, 1863, McGaw Family Papers, SCL; Desmond Pulaski Hopkins Papers, July 17, 1862, CAH。死亡地点的统计数据，来自Robert V. Wells,Facing the “King of Terrors”: Death and Society in an American Community(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 195。

1706282391

1706282392 [14][Frederick Law Olmsted],Hospital Transports(Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1863), p. 80.将奴隶贩卖至西南诸州对非洲裔美国人的家庭纽带的破坏，当然是另一回事情 ——它是强迫性的，而且是长期性的。参见Michael Tadman,Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders and Slaves in the Old South(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989)。

1706282393

1706282394 [15]Patricia Jalland,Death in the Victorian Family(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 2.在1861年Albert亲王去世后，这位英国女王自己的长期哀痛，使人们更加关注死亡 ——这个盎格鲁—美国人的家庭与文化生活的关键因素。

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