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[7]General Orders of the War Department, Embracing the Years 1861, 1862 & 1863 (New York: Derby & Miller, 1864), vol. 1, pp.158, 248.另 参 见James E. Yeatman, [Sanitary Commission, ]“Burial of the Dead,” printed circular, September 20, 1861, William Greenleaf Eliot Collection, MOHS; Erna Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps, 1775—1939(Washington, D.C.: United States Army, 1989), p. 464。
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[8]Horace H. Cunningham, Field Medical Services at the Battles of Manassas (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1968), p. 48; Regulations for the Army of the Confederate States, 1862 (Atlanta
:James McPherson & Co., 1862).
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[9]Report of Colonel Henry A. Weeks, 12th New York Infantry, May 28, 1862, The Warof the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armie(Washington, D.C.
:Government Printing Office, 1884), ser. 1, vol. 11/1, p. 725;Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, February 28, 1863, p. 366; Christian Recorder, May 21, 1864, p. 83; Richard F. Miller and Robert F.Mooney, The Civil War: The Nantucket Experience: Including the Memoirs of Josiah Fitch Murphey (Nantucket: Wesco PublishingCo., 1994), p. 107.
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[10]许多关于安蒂特姆战役的描述，都声称死难者是在21日之前被埋葬的，但Holt的话反驳了这点。Daniel M. Holt, A Surgeon’s Civil War: The Letters and Diary of Daniel M. Holt, M.D., ed. James M. Greiner, Janet L. Coryell, and James R. Smither (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1994), p. 28; Mrs. H. [AnnaM. E. Holstein], Three Years in Field Hospitals in the Army of the Potomac (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1867), p. 11。
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[11]James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 4; W. D. Rutherford to Sallie Rutherford, May 21, 1864, William Drayton Rutherford Papers, SCL.（这个例子与这一部分其他例子都不来自安蒂特姆战役,而是来自1864年的斯波齐尔韦尼亚战役。）另参见Steven R. Stotelmyer, The Bivouacs of the Dead: The Story of Those Who Died at Antietamand South Mountain (Baltimore: Toomey Press, 1992), p. 10。
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[12]Stotelmyer, Bivouacs of the Dead, pp. 9, 5.
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[13]Gregory A. Coco, A Strange and Blighted Land: Gettysburg, the Aftermath of a Battle (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1995), p. 313; Gerard A. Patterson, Debris of Battle: The Wounded of Gettysburg (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1997), p. 28; Coco, Strange and Blighted Land., pp. 60, 64.关于工具之缺乏,另参见Richard Coolidge to Major General W. A. Hammond, September 4, 1862, Papers of George A. Otis, RG 94 629A, NARA。
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[14]W. B. Coker to his Brother, July 28, 1861, in Mills Lane, ed., “DearMother: Don’t Grieve About Me. If I Get Killed, I’ll Only Be Dead ”: Letters from Georgia Soldiers in the Civil War (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1990), p. 40;Official Record, ser. 1, vol. 27, p. 79, cited in Gerard A. Patterson, Debris of Battle: The Wounded of Gettysburg (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1997), p. xi; Theodore Fogel to his parents, September 28, 1862, in Lane, ed., Dear Mother, p. 190.
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[15]John A. Wyeth, With Sabre and Scalpel: The Autobiography of a Soldier and Surgeon (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1914), p. 254; Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, November 14, 1863, p. 124; Frank Oakley的反映载于Cynthia to My Dear Father, August 22, 1862, Frank Oakley Papers, WHS。
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[16]引文来自Joseph Allan Frank and George A. Reaves, “Seeingthe Elephant”: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989), p. 122。
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[17]Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 89; Stotelmyer, Bivouacs of the Dead, p. 4; Frank and Reaves, “Seeing the Elephant ”, 123; Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 127; Earl J. Hess, The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat (Lawrence
:University Press of Kansas, 1997), p. 41; Cyrus F. Boyd, The Civil War Diary of Cyrus F. Boyd, Fifteenth Iowa Infantry 1861—1863, ed. Mildred Throne (Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus Reprint Co., 1953), pp. 41—42; H. Clay Trumbull, War Memories of an Army Chaplain (NewYork: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1898), p. 209; Robert Zaworski, Headstones of Heroes: The Restoration and History of Confederate Graves in Atlanta’s Oakland Cemetery (Paducah, Ky.: Turner Publishing Co. 1997), p. 7.
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[18]New York Herald, September 7, 1862; James Eldred Phillips Diary, entry for May 1863, p. 16, VHS.关于家猪,参见,例如Sutherland, Seasons of War, pp. 193, 228; William D. Rutherford to Sallie Fair, August 26, 1861, Rutherford Papers, SCL。
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[19]“Burials”, Sanitary Commission Bulletin 1, no. 20 (August 15, 1864): 623; R. A. Wilkinson to M. F. Wilkinson, July 8, 1862, Wilkinson-Stark Family Papers (mss. 255), The Historic New Orleans Collection, New Orleans; Hardin的话引自Frank and Reaves, “Seeing the Elephant ”, p. 122.
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[20]William Corby, Memoirs of Chaplain Life: Three Years Chaplain in the Famous Irish Brigade, “Army of the Potomac” (Notre Dame, Ind.: Scholastic Press, 1894), p. 91; Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 119; Wyeth, With Sabre and Scalpel, p. 248; Holt, Surgeon’s Civil War, pp. 190, 103.
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[21]William Gore, February 25, 1865, BV Gore, William B., NYHS. Edgar Allan Poe在其广受欢迎的短故事中，写了很多关于担心在活着的时候就被埋葬的文字。参见，例如，“The Premature Burial” and “The Fall of the House of Usher”, in Stephen Peithman, ed., The Annotated Tales of Edgar Allan Poe (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1981).另参见Timothy Trend Blade, “Buried Alive!” American Cemetery, September 1991, pp. 34—54。
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[22]Gregory A. Coco, Killed in Action: Eyewitness Accounts of the Last Moments of 100 Union Soldiers Who Died at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1992), p. 34.
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[23]Cate, ed., Two Soldiers, p. 93; Houghton的话引自Coco, Killed in Action, pp. 44—45; Fannie A. Beers, Memories: A Record of Personal Experience and Adventure During Four Years of War (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1888), p. 83。
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[24]Trumbull, War Memories of a Chaplain, p. 219.
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[25]J. W. McClure to My Dearest Kate, August 17, 1864, McClure Family Papers, SCL.
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[26]Sutherland, Seasons of War, pp. 160—161; Charles Kerrison to My Dear Sister, May 19, 1864, Kerrison Family Papers, SCL; GeorgeR. Gauthier, Harder Than Death: The Life of George R. Gauthier, an Old Texan (Austin, Tex.: n.p., 1902), p. 15; Oliver Wendell Holmes, “My Hunt After ‘The Captain’”, Atlantic 10 (December 1862), p. 743.
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[27]Narrative of Privations and Sufferings of United States Officersand Soldiers WhilePrisoners of War in the Hands of Rebel Authorities, Being the Report of a Commission of Inquiry, Appointed by the United States Sanitary Commission (Philadelphia: King & Baird, 1864), p. 159; Holt, Surgeon’s CivilWar, p. 63.
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[28]Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 49.关于死亡与内战战马，参见Drew Gilpin Faust, “Equine Relics of the Civil War”, Southern Cultures 6 (Spring 2000): 23—49。
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[29]Hollywood Cemetery, Records, 1847—1955, VHS; Mary H. Mitchell, Hollywood Cemetery: The History of a Southern Shrine (Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1985), p. 48.
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[30]Benedict Anderson,Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1991).
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[31]Jo h n T ho m p son, “T he Bu ria l o f La tané,” on line a t w w w. civi l wa r poe t r y.o r g/ con fe d era te/officers/latane.htm参见Drew Gilpin Faust, “Race, Gender and Confederate Nationalism: Wi l lia m D. Wa shing ton’ s Bu ria l o f La tané,” in Fau s t, Sou t h er n S to rie s:S lave ho l d er s in Pea ce and War (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992), pp. 148—159。
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