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[4]Gaines Foster, “The Limitations of Federal Health Care for Freedmen, 1862—1868,” Journal of Southern History 48 (August1982), pp. 353 (引文), 356—367 (估计)。参见Thavolia Glymph, “‘This Species of Property’: Female Slave Contrabands in the Civil War”, in Edward D. C. Campbell and Kym S. Rice, eds., A Woman’s War: Southern Women, Civil War, and the Confederate Legacy (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), pp. 55—71.
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[5]Jestin Hampton to Thomas B. Hampton, October 8, 1862, Thomas B. Hampton Papers, CAH; Caleb Cope et al., “An appeal in behalf of the Refugee Woman and Children concentrating in and about Nashville, Tennessee, December 23, 1864” (Philadelphia, 1864), printed circular, Civil War Miscellanies (McA 5786.F), McAllister Collection, LCP;关于Randolph County petition，参见Ira Berlin et al., eds., Free At Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War (New York: New Press, 1992), p. 150; Mary H. Legge to Harriet Palmer, July 3, 1863, Palmer Family Papers, SCL; Charles Royster, The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the Americans (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), p. 247。
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[6]Paul E. Steiner, Disease in the Civil War: Natural Biological Warfare in 1861—1865 (Springfield, Ill.: C. C. Thomas, 1968), p. 35; Mary H. Mitchell,Hollywood Cemetery: The History of a Southern Shrine (1985; rpt. Richmond: Library of Virginia, 1999), p. 50; Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 419.
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[7]“IN MEMORIAM”, Sanitary Commission Bulletin 1 (August 15, 1864)
:615; Frank Moore,Women of the War: Their Heroism and Self-Sacrific(Hartford, Conn.: S. S. Scranton, 1867), pp. 390, 53; Mary Denis Maher, To Bind Up the Wounds: Catholic Sister Nurses in the U.S. Civil War (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989).
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[8]Mary Boykin Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, ed. C. Vann Woodward (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), pp. 199, 209—211; Daniel E. Sutherland, Seasons of War: The Ordeal of a Confederate Community, 1861—1865 (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 73; Winthrop D. Jordan, Tumult and Silence at Second Creek: An Inquiry into a Civil War Slave Conspiracy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993); Elvira J. Powers, Hospital Pencillings (Boston: Edward L. Mitchell, 1866), p. 71; Kym S. Riceand Edward D. C. Campbell, “Voices from the Tempest: Southern Women’s Wartime Experiences,” in Campbell and Rice, eds., AWoman’s War, pp. 103—106.
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[9]Leslie M. Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626—1863 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), pp. 279—288; Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990). Adrian Cook, The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1974),死者与伤者名单，见于pp. 213—232。
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[10]10. Noel C. Fisher, War at Every Door: Partisan Politics and Guerrilla Violence in Eastennessee, 1860—1869 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), pp. 85, 74; Phillip Paludan, Victims: A True Story of the Civil War (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1981); Michael Fellman, Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflictin Missouri During the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Daniel E. Sutherland, ed., Guerrillas, Unionists, and Violence on the Confederate Homefront (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1999).
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[11]Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “Killed at the Ford,” Atlantic 17(April 1866): 479.
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[12]Marjorie Ann Rogers, “An Iowa Woman in Wartime,” Annals of Iowa 36 (Summer 1961): 31; Oliver Hering Middleton Family Correspondence, SCHS.
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[13]Reuben Allen Pierson, August 3, 1862, in Thomas W. Cutrer and Michael Parish, eds., Brothers in Gray: The Civil War Letters of the Pierson Family (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997), p. 110.
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[14]Sigmund Freud, “Mourning and Melancholia,” in James Strachey, ed., The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London: Hogarth Press, 1957), vol. 14, pp. 245, 244.另参见Martin Jay, Force Fields: Between Intellectual History and Cultural Critique (New York: Routledge, 1993), p. 93。参见Mary Louise Kete, Sentimental Collaborations: Mourning and Middle-Class Identity in Nineteenth-Century America (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2000)。另参见当时的哀悼手册：Daniel C. Eddy, The Angel’s Whispers; or, Echoes of Spirit Voices (Boston: Horace Wentworth, 1866), and Emily Thornwell, The Rainbow Around the Tomb; or, Rays of Hope for Those Who Mourn (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1857)。
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[15]Abbie Brooks Diaries, April 4, 1865, Mss 39f, Keenan ResearchCenter, Atlanta History Center, Atlanta, Ga.; Kate Foster Diary, November 15, 1863, RBMSC; Kate Stone, Brokenburn: The Journal of Kate Stone, 1861—1868, ed. John Q. Anderson (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1955), p. 258; Cornelia Hancock, South After Gettysburg: Letters, 1863—1868 (New York: T. Y. Crowell, 1956), pp. 67, 15; Myrta Lockett Avary, ed., A Virginia Girl in the Civil War, 1861—1865 (New York: D. Appleton, 1903), p.41; Mary Greenhow Lee Diary, July 24, 1863, WFCHS.
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[16]Louis P. Towles, ed., A World Turned Upside Down: The Palmers of South Santee, 1818—1881 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), pp. 341, 348, 342, 359.
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[17]J. Michael Welton, ed., “My Heart Is So Rebellious”: The Caldwell Letters, 1861—1865 (Warrenton, Va.: Fauquier National Bank, 1991); Towles, ed., World Turned Upside Down, p. 404.
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[18]Towles, ed., World Turned Upside Down, p. 404; Mrs. H. [Anna Morris Ellis Holstein], Three Years in Field Hospitals of the Army of the Potomac (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1867), p. 13.
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[19]Jean H. Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987), p. 216; Major General F. H. Smith, Superintendent, Virginia Military Institute, General Orders no. 30, May 13, 1863, VMIA, online at www.vmi.edu/archives/Jackson/cwjacksn.htm.
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[20]关于哀悼服饰，参见“Fashionable Mourning”, Christian Recorder, September 19, 1863; Katherine Basanese, “Victorian Period Mourning,” The Courier: The Official Newsletter of the American Civil War Association1 (May 1995): 5—7; “The Fashionof Mourning”, Godey’s Lady’s Book 54 (March 1857): 286。另参见Joan L. Severa, Dressed for the Photographer: Ordinary Americans and Fashion, 1840—1900 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1995)。
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[21]Mary D. Robertson, ed., Lucy Breckinridge of Grove Hill: The Journal of a Virginia Girl, 1862—1864 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1979), pp. 80—81. Daily South Carolinian, February 26, 1864. Patricia Loughridge and Edward D. C. Campbell Jr., Women in Mourning (Richmond, Va.: Museum of the Confederacy, 1985), p. 24.
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[22]Margaret Gwyn Diary, April 22 and 29, 1862, Special Collections, RBMSC; Nannie Haskins Diary, March 3, 1863, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville.
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[23]Welton, “My Heart Is So Rebellious,” p. 239.
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[24]Kate Corbin to Maggie Tucker, April 21, 1863, manuscripts inpossession of David Eilenberger, Chapel Hill Rare Books, Chapel Hill, N.C。另参见Lila to Willie Chunn, September 21, 1863, William Augustus Chunn Papers, Emory University, Atlanta; Daily South Carolinian, March 10, 1864.
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[25]Philadelphia Inquirer, July 3, 1863; Richmond Enquirer, April 25, 1861, p. 3; New York Times, May 31, 1863, p. 6.
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[26]Godey’s Lady’s Book 71 (August 1865): 106; 64 (June 1862)
:617; 68 (May 1864): 498.
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[27]Mary D. Robertson, ed., Lucy Breckinridge of Grove Hill: The Journal of a Virginia Girl, 1862—1864 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1979), pp. 80—81; Daily South Carolinian, February 26, 1864; Patricia Loughridge and Edward D. C.Campbell Jr., Women in Mourning (Richmond, Va.: Museum of the Confederacy, 1985), p. 24.
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[28]“The Massachusetts Dead Returned from Baltimore,” Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, May 11, 1861, p. 410; Christian Recorder, May 11, 1861; John Marszalek, ed., The Diary of Miss Emma Holmes, 1861—1866 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), pp. 69—70.在这场战争的头几个月，葬礼得到了新闻报道的关注，但随着葬礼愈发普遍，这种关注也便立即消失了。参见，例如，“The Funeral Ceremonies in Honor of Addison Whitney and Luther C. Ladd at Lowell, Mass. On Monday, May 6”, New York Illustrated News, May 25, 1861, p. 43; “Funeral of Colonel Vosburgh”, New York Illustrated News, June 8, 1861, p. 75; “The Late Captain Ward”, Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, July 13, 1861, p. 133。
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