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[14]Sigmund Freud, “Mourning and Melancholia,” in James Strachey, ed., The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London: Hogarth Press, 1957), vol. 14, pp. 245, 244.另参见Martin Jay, Force Fields: Between Intellectual History and Cultural Critique (New York: Routledge, 1993), p. 93。参见Mary Louise Kete, Sentimental Collaborations: Mourning and Middle-Class Identity in Nineteenth-Century America (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2000)。另参见当时的哀悼手册：Daniel C. Eddy, The Angel’s Whispers; or, Echoes of Spirit Voices (Boston: Horace Wentworth, 1866), and Emily Thornwell, The Rainbow Around the Tomb; or, Rays of Hope for Those Who Mourn (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1857)。
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[15]Abbie Brooks Diaries, April 4, 1865, Mss 39f, Keenan ResearchCenter, Atlanta History Center, Atlanta, Ga.; Kate Foster Diary, November 15, 1863, RBMSC; Kate Stone, Brokenburn: The Journal of Kate Stone, 1861—1868, ed. John Q. Anderson (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1955), p. 258; Cornelia Hancock, South After Gettysburg: Letters, 1863—1868 (New York: T. Y. Crowell, 1956), pp. 67, 15; Myrta Lockett Avary, ed., A Virginia Girl in the Civil War, 1861—1865 (New York: D. Appleton, 1903), p.41; Mary Greenhow Lee Diary, July 24, 1863, WFCHS.
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[16]Louis P. Towles, ed., A World Turned Upside Down: The Palmers of South Santee, 1818—1881 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), pp. 341, 348, 342, 359.
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[17]J. Michael Welton, ed., “My Heart Is So Rebellious”: The Caldwell Letters, 1861—1865 (Warrenton, Va.: Fauquier National Bank, 1991); Towles, ed., World Turned Upside Down, p. 404.
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[18]Towles, ed., World Turned Upside Down, p. 404; Mrs. H. [Anna Morris Ellis Holstein], Three Years in Field Hospitals of the Army of the Potomac (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1867), p. 13.
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[19]Jean H. Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987), p. 216; Major General F. H. Smith, Superintendent, Virginia Military Institute, General Orders no. 30, May 13, 1863, VMIA, online at www.vmi.edu/archives/Jackson/cwjacksn.htm.
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[20]关于哀悼服饰，参见“Fashionable Mourning”, Christian Recorder, September 19, 1863; Katherine Basanese, “Victorian Period Mourning,” The Courier: The Official Newsletter of the American Civil War Association1 (May 1995): 5—7; “The Fashionof Mourning”, Godey’s Lady’s Book 54 (March 1857): 286。另参见Joan L. Severa, Dressed for the Photographer: Ordinary Americans and Fashion, 1840—1900 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1995)。
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[21]Mary D. Robertson, ed., Lucy Breckinridge of Grove Hill: The Journal of a Virginia Girl, 1862—1864 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1979), pp. 80—81. Daily South Carolinian, February 26, 1864. Patricia Loughridge and Edward D. C. Campbell Jr., Women in Mourning (Richmond, Va.: Museum of the Confederacy, 1985), p. 24.
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[22]Margaret Gwyn Diary, April 22 and 29, 1862, Special Collections, RBMSC; Nannie Haskins Diary, March 3, 1863, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville.
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[23]Welton, “My Heart Is So Rebellious,” p. 239.
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[24]Kate Corbin to Maggie Tucker, April 21, 1863, manuscripts inpossession of David Eilenberger, Chapel Hill Rare Books, Chapel Hill, N.C。另参见Lila to Willie Chunn, September 21, 1863, William Augustus Chunn Papers, Emory University, Atlanta; Daily South Carolinian, March 10, 1864.
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[25]Philadelphia Inquirer, July 3, 1863; Richmond Enquirer, April 25, 1861, p. 3; New York Times, May 31, 1863, p. 6.
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[26]Godey’s Lady’s Book 71 (August 1865): 106; 64 (June 1862)
:617; 68 (May 1864): 498.
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[27]Mary D. Robertson, ed., Lucy Breckinridge of Grove Hill: The Journal of a Virginia Girl, 1862—1864 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1979), pp. 80—81; Daily South Carolinian, February 26, 1864; Patricia Loughridge and Edward D. C.Campbell Jr., Women in Mourning (Richmond, Va.: Museum of the Confederacy, 1985), p. 24.
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[28]“The Massachusetts Dead Returned from Baltimore,” Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, May 11, 1861, p. 410; Christian Recorder, May 11, 1861; John Marszalek, ed., The Diary of Miss Emma Holmes, 1861—1866 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), pp. 69—70.在这场战争的头几个月，葬礼得到了新闻报道的关注，但随着葬礼愈发普遍，这种关注也便立即消失了。参见，例如，“The Funeral Ceremonies in Honor of Addison Whitney and Luther C. Ladd at Lowell, Mass. On Monday, May 6”, New York Illustrated News, May 25, 1861, p. 43; “Funeral of Colonel Vosburgh”, New York Illustrated News, June 8, 1861, p. 75; “The Late Captain Ward”, Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, July 13, 1861, p. 133。
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[29]George Skoch, “A Lavish Funeral for a Southern Hero: ‘Stonewall’ Jackson’s Last March,” Civil War Times Illustrated, May 1989, pp.22—27; Samuel B. Hannah, May 17, 1863, Death of Stonewall Jackson, VMIA; online at www.vmi.edu/archives/jackson/tjjhanna.htm.另参见Lexington Gazette, May 20, 1863, Funeral of Stonewall Jackson, VMIA, online at www.vmi.edu/archives/jackson/tjjobit.htm; Daniel Stowell, “Stonewall Jackson and the Providence of God”, in Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson, Religion and the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp.187—207; Charles Royster, The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the Americans (NewYork: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), pp. 193—231.另参见“Funeral of Gen. Maxcy Gregg,” newspaper clipping, December 22, 1862, Maxcy Gregg Papers, SCL; “Funeral of General Winthrop,” clipping, 1864, Frederick Winthrop Papers, MAHS。
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[30]Rev. T. H. Stockton, “Hymn for the National Funeral” (Philadelphia:A. W. Auner, [1865]); Swain的话引自David B. Chesebrough, “No Sorrow Like Our Sorrow”: Northern Protestant Ministers and the Assassination of Lincoln (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1994), p. 88。
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[31]New York Herald, April 20, 1865; Merrill D. Peterson, Lincoln in American Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp.15—22.
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[32]New York Herald, April 26, 1865; Jacob Thomas的话引自Chesebrough, “No Sorrow Like Our Sorrow,” p. 187。另参见Christian Recorder, April 22, 1865, May 6, 1865。
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[33]Walt Whitman, “Hush’d Be the Camps To-Day,” in Walt Whitman
:Civil War Poetry and Prose (New York: Dover, 1995), pp. 34—35.
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[34]Helen Vendler, “Poetry and the Mediation of Value: Whitman on Lincoln,” Tanner Lecture on Human Values delivered at the University of Michigan, October 29 and 30, 1999, online at www.tannerlectures.utah.edu/lectures/Vendler_01.pdf, pp. 147—148.Vendler教授同我分享了她对惠特曼的看法，对此我十分感激。
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[35]Whitman, “O Captain! My Captain,” in Civil War Poetry and Prose, p. 34.
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[36]Whitman, “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d,” in Civil War Poetry and Prose, pp. 27—28.
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[37]Whitman, “Pensive on Her Dead Gazing”, in Civil War Poetry and Prose, p. 38; Vendler, “Poetry and the Mediation of Value,” pp. 155—156; Whitman, “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d,” pp. 27—28, 33.
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[38]Whitman, “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d”, p. 28; Whitman, “Ashes of Soldiers”, in Civil War Poetry and Prose, pp.36, 37.
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