1706283025

1706283026 [57]Ambrose Bierce, “What I Saw of Shiloh,” in Phantoms of a Blood-Stained Period, p. 103.

1706283027

1706283028 [58]Ambrose Bierce, “A Tough Tussle,” in Ernest Jerome Hopkins, comp., The Civil War Short Stories of Ambrose Bierce (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970), p. 39.

1706283029

1706283030 [59]Edmund Wilson, Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), p.622.

1706283031

1706283032 [60]Bierce, “Tough Tussle”, pp. 39, 41.

1706283033

1706283034 [61]Ibid., pp. 41, 43, 44.

1706283035

1706283036 [62]Bierce的话引自Morris, Ambrose Bierce, p. 205; Bierce, Phantoms of a Blood-Stained Period, p. 21。

1706283037

1706283038 [63]Ambrose Bierce, “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”, in Civil War Stories of Bierce, pp. 45—52; Robert C. Evans, ed., Ambrose Bierce’s “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” An Annotated Critical Edition (West Cornwall, Conn.: Locust Hill Press, 2003).

1706283039

1706283040 [64]Bierce的话引自Morris, Ambrose Bierce, p. 205; Bierce, Devil’s Dictionary, p. 34。

1706283041

1706283042 [65]Ambrose Bierce, The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce (NewYork: Neale Publishing Co., 1911), vol. 8, p. 347.

1706283043

1706283044 [66]Herman Melville, “The Armies of the Wilderness,” in Battle-Piecesand Aspects of the War: Civil War Poems (1866; rpt. New York: Da Capo Press, 1995), p. 103; Melville的话引自Lee Rust Brown, “Introduction,” ibid., p. viii.另参见Robert Penn Warren, “Melville’s Poems,” Southern Review 3 (Autumn 1967): 799—855。

1706283045

1706283046 [67]Herman Melville, “The March into Virginia,” in Battle-Pieces, p. 23; Melville, “On the Slain Collegians,” ibid., p. 159.另参见Stanton Garner, The Civil War World of Herman Melville (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993); Warren, “Melville’s Poems”, p.809; Joyce Sparer Adler, War in Melville’s Imagination (New York: New York University Press, 1981); Andrew Delbanco, Melville: His World and His Work (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005)。

1706283047

1706283048 [68]Hawthorne的话引自Lee Rust Brown, “Introduction” to Melville, Battle-Pieces, p. iv; Aaron, Unwritten War, p. 88。

1706283049

1706283050 [69]Melville, “Armies of the Wilderness,” pp. 101, 102; Melville, “A Utilitarian View of the Monitor’s Fight,” in Battle-Pieces, p. 62.

1706283051

1706283052 [70]Melville, “Shiloh,” in Battle-Pieces, 63; “Armies of the Wilderness,” p. 103; Melville, “Shiloh”, p. 63.

1706283053

1706283054 [71]Emily Dickinson, “My Triumph lasted till the Drums,” #1227, and “They dropped like Flakes—,” #409 in Thomas H. Johnson, ed., The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1960).参见Robert Milder, “The Rhetoric of Melville’s BattlePieces,”Nineteenth-Century Literature 44 (September 1989), pp. 173—200; Maurice S. Lee, “Writing Through the War; Melville and Dickinson After the Renaissance,” PMLA 115 (October 2000): pp. 1124—1128。

1706283055

1706283056 [72]David Higgins, Portrait of Emily Dickinson, The Poet and Her Prose (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1967); Thomas W. Ford, “Emily Dickinson and the Civil War,” University Review—Kansas City 31 (Spring 1965): 199.关于战争对Dickinson的重要性之最系统研究，参见Shira Wolosky, Emily Dickinson: A Voice of War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984)。在The Unwritten War一书中，Daniel Aaron将Dickinson的归入Supplement 4，共一页半，并强调她的经历的个人性质，虽然他同时也展示了战争意象对她的诗歌之影响，参见此书pp.355—356。

1706283057

1706283058 [73]Emily Dickinson to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, June 8, 1862, and [n.d.] 1863, in Mabel Todd Loomis, ed., Letters of Emily Dickinson (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1894), vol. 2, pp. 304, 310.

1706283059

1706283060 [74]Emily Dickinson to Fanny Norcross and Loo Norcross, April 1862, Letters of Dickinson, vol. 2, p. 243; William A. Stearns, Adjutant Stearns (Boston: Massachusetts Sabbath School Society, 1862), p.106.另参见Roger Lundin, Emily Dickinson and the Art of Belief (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1998), pp. 122—123.另一阿默斯特邻居在“被鲜血染红的马里兰州”安蒂特姆战役中的死亡，促使Dickinson在这年末写出了“When I was small, a Woman died”一诗，即#596 in Complete Poems of Dickinson。

1706283061

1706283062 [75]Emily Dickinson to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, [n.d.] 1863, in Letters of Dickinson, vol. 2, p. 309; Emily Dickinson to Fanny Norcross and Loo Norcross, April 1862, ibid., p. 243.

1706283063

1706283064 [76]Emily Dickinson, “I dwell in Possibility,” #657, Complete Poems of Dickinson; Emily Dickinson to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, April 26, 1862, in Letters of Dickinson, vol. 2, p. 302; “Death is a Dialogue between,” #976; “At least—to pray—is left—is left,” #502; “We pray—to Heaven—” #489; “I felt my life with both my hands,” #351; “Ourselves we do inter with sweet derision,” #1144,均载于Complete Poems of Dickinson。

1706283065

1706283066 [77]本诗引自[美]艾米莉·狄金森著、蒲隆译，《狄金森诗选》（第298页）。——译注“All but Death, can be Adjusted,” #749, in Complete Poems of Dickinson.

1706283067

1706283068 [78]“Suspense—is Hostiler than Death—,” #705; “Victory comes late—,” #690; “My Portion is Defeat—today—,” #639; “It feels a shame to be Alive,” #444; “The Battle fought between the Soul,” #594,均载于Complete Poems of Dickinson.参见Maria Magdalena Farland, “‘That Tritest/Brightest Truth’: Emily Dickinson’s Anti-Sentimentality,”NineteenthCentury Literature 53 (December 1998): 364—389.Barton Levi St. Armand, Emily Dickinson and Her Culture: The Soul’s Society (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984),该书将她描绘成一个不那么怀疑、更为传统的人。

1706283069

1706283070 [79]Helen Vendler, “Melville and the Lyric of History,” in Melville, Battle-Pieces, pp. 262, 265.

1706283071

1706283072 [80]“I felt a Cleaving in my Mind,” #937, in Complete Poems of Dickinson; Wolosky, Emily Dickinson, p. xv.另参见David T.Porter, Dickinson: The Modern Idiom (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), pp. 39, 98, 120。关于Amy Lowell的判断，即在美国19世纪的诗坛中Dickinson是个独具一格的“现代的”诗人，参见S. Foster Damon, Amy Lowell: A Chronicle (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1935), p. 295。历史学者Michael O’Brien认为，Mary Chesnut那本重写于19世纪80年代、但在她去世前并未公布的内战日记，反映了与此相同的现代主义倾向。Chesnut是一名南卡罗来纳州贵族，在这场战争中她看到了周围世界的瓦解，以智慧与讽刺为支柱使自己存活了下来。在20世纪初她作品的删节本出版后，她便被成为了众所周知的人物。最终，1981年，历史学者C. Vann Woodward发布了一个基于她19世纪80的手稿精心编辑过的版本，将之视作一个文学创作 ——与再创作 ——而非一系列战争期间每日简短的记录。人们可能认为Chesnut的作品同Bierce、Melville与Dickinson的作品有很多相似处。Chesnut避开了叙述，而是采用了语态与碎片，以其所选择的形式反映出她自己的不信仰 ——对上帝、对科学、对她的社会、对她自己的不信仰 ——之实质。O’Brien将她同Virginia Woolf联系起来，指出从美国内战到半个世纪后的一战之间的怀疑与紊乱是一个具有连续性的统一体。Michael O’Brien, “The Flight Down the Middle Walk: Mary Chesnut and the Forms of Observance,” in Anne Goodwyn Jones and Susan V. Donaldson, eds., Haunted Bodies: Gender and Southern Texts (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1997), pp. 109—131。

1706283073

1706283074 [81]Oliver Wendell Holmes, Occasional Speeches, comp. Mark DeWolfe Howe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962), p. 82; Reuben Allen Pierson的话引自Thomas W. Cutrer and T.Michael Parrish, eds., Brothers in Gray: Civil War Letters of the Pierson Family (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997), p. 101; James P. Suiter的话引自Earl Hess, Union Soldierin Battle, p. 20; Daniel M. Holt, A Surgeon’s Civil War: Letters and Diaries of Daniel M. Holt, M.D., ed. James M. Greiner, Janet L.Coryell, and James R. Smither (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1994), p. 100; John O. Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade (1906; rpt. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2005), p. 37。

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