1706283125

1706283126 [19]参见Dan T. Carter, When the War Was Over: The Failure of Self-Reconstruction in the South, 1865—1867 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985); George C. Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984); Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863—1877(New York: Harper & Row, 1988)。

1706283127

1706283128 [20]Whitman, Final Report; U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on the Memphis Riots, Memphis Riots and Massacres, 1866 (1866; rpt. Miami: Mnemosyne, 1969).

1706283129

1706283130 [21]Whitman to Donaldson, March 26, 1866, in Whitman, Letter Press Book, vol. 1; Whitman, Cemeterial Reports and Lists; Whitman to Donaldson, March 26, 1866; Whitman to Donaldson, April 18, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol. 1; [Whitman], Journal of a Trip; Whitman toDonaldson, March 26, 1866。

1706283131

1706283132 [22]Whitman to Donaldson, April 29, 1866, in Whitman, Letter Press Book, vol. 1.

1706283133

1706283134 [23]Whitman, “Remarks on National Cemeteries,” p. 229; Whitman to Donaldson, April 30, 1866, in Whitman, Letter Press Book, vol. 1.

1706283135

1706283136 [24]Whitman to Donaldson, May 24, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol. 1; Whitman to Brigadier General H. M. Whittlesey, May 15, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol. 1; Whitman to Donaldson, May 24, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol. 1.

1706283137

1706283138 [25]Dana, Remarks of the Quartermaster General.

1706283139

1706283140 [26]Whitman to Donaldson, June 26, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol. 1; [Whitman], Journal of a Trip, vol. 2, p. 26.

1706283141

1706283142 [27][Whitman], Journal of a Trip, vol. 1, pp. 218, 240; vol. 2, p. 26.

1706283143

1706283144 [28]Ibid.; vol. 2, p. 26.

1706283145

1706283146 [29]关于Charleston的仪式，参见David Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), pp. 68—71。

1706283147

1706283148 [30]Whitman to Donaldson, June 19, 1866; Whitman to Donaldson, June 26, 1866; both in Letter Press Book, vol. 1.

1706283149

1706283150 [31]Whitman to Donaldson, June 26, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol. 1; E. B. Whitman, Speech Draft, n.d., Miscellaneous Records, RG 92A-1 397A, NARA.

1706283151

1706283152 [32]Clara Barton to Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War, October 1865, Clara Barton Papers, LC.

1706283153

1706283154 [33]关于这一时期的性别与契约，参见Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage and the Market in theAge of Slave Emancipation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998)。另参见Drew Gilpin Faust, “‘The Dread Void ofUncertainty’: Naming the Dead in the American Civil War,” Southern Cultures 11 (Summer 2005): 7—32.这一正在兴起的国家责任感，是人权史的一个发展阶段。参见Lynn Hunt, Inventing Human Rights: A History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007)。

1706283155

1706283156 [34]James F. Russling, “National Cemeteries,” Harper’s Monthly Magazine 33 (August 1866): 311, 312, 321.

1706283157

1706283158 [35]Ibid., p. 322.

1706283159

1706283160 [36]Wilfred Owen, “Dulce et Decorum Est”, online at www.warpoetry.co.uk/owen1.htm.

1706283161

1706283162 [37]. Whitman to Donaldson, October 1, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol.1; Thomas的话引自Whitman, Final Report。

1706283163

1706283164 [38]Whitman to Donaldson, September 23, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol. 1; Whitman, Final Report.

1706283165

1706283166 [39]Congressional Globe, 39th Cong., 1st sess., February 15, 1867, p. 1374.

1706283167

1706283168 [40]Whitman, Final Report; Meigs statement of December 22, 1868, quoted in Congressional Globe, 42nd Cong., 2nd sess., May 8, 1872, p. 3220.

1706283169

1706283170 [41]See www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/poplargrove/poplargrovehist.htm; New York Times, July 8, 1866, p. 4.

1706283171

1706283172 [42]“The National Cemeteries,” Chicago Tribune, January 23, 1867, p.2; Steven R. Stotelmyer, The Bivouacs of the Dead (Baltimore: Toomey Press, 1992), p. 22.

1706283173

1706283174 [43]“Report of the Quartermaster General,” Executive Documents Printed by Order of the House of Representatives During the Second Session of the Forty-second Congress (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872), vol. 2, pp. 135—166; “Report of the Quartermaster General, Secretary of War,” Executive Documents Printed by Order of theHouse of Representatives During the Third Session of the Forty-first Congres(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1871), vol. 2, p. 210; “CivilWar Era National Cemeteries,” online at www.va.gov/facmgt/historic/civilwar.asp,关于总花费，参见Charles W. Snell and Sharon A. Brown, Antietam National Battlefield and National Cemetery, Sharpsburg, Maryland: An Administrative History (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1986), p. 29; Leslie Perry, “The Confederate Dead,” clipping from New York Sun [1898] in RG 92 585, NARA。关于国家公墓的草图，参见Whitman, Final Report. Sara Amy Leach, Senior Historian, National Cemetery Administration, Department of Veterans’ Affairs, letter toauthor, October 5, 2004,这封信给出了非洲裔美国人埋葬地的详细情况。她指出，坟墓隔离似乎是源于习俗而非明确的规定。关于表格，参见“Weekly Report of the Number of Interments”, July 28, 1866, Letters and Reports Received Relating to Cemeteries, RG 92 E569, NARA。

[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.706283125e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]