1706283152 [32]Clara Barton to Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War, October 1865, Clara Barton Papers, LC.

1706283153

1706283154 [33]关于这一时期的性别与契约，参见Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage and the Market in theAge of Slave Emancipation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998)。另参见Drew Gilpin Faust, “‘The Dread Void ofUncertainty’: Naming the Dead in the American Civil War,” Southern Cultures 11 (Summer 2005): 7—32.这一正在兴起的国家责任感，是人权史的一个发展阶段。参见Lynn Hunt, Inventing Human Rights: A History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007)。

1706283155

1706283156 [34]James F. Russling, “National Cemeteries,” Harper’s Monthly Magazine 33 (August 1866): 311, 312, 321.

1706283157

1706283158 [35]Ibid., p. 322.

1706283159

1706283160 [36]Wilfred Owen, “Dulce et Decorum Est”, online at www.warpoetry.co.uk/owen1.htm.

1706283161

1706283162 [37]. Whitman to Donaldson, October 1, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol.1; Thomas的话引自Whitman, Final Report。

1706283163

1706283164 [38]Whitman to Donaldson, September 23, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol. 1; Whitman, Final Report.

1706283165

1706283166 [39]Congressional Globe, 39th Cong., 1st sess., February 15, 1867, p. 1374.

1706283167

1706283168 [40]Whitman, Final Report; Meigs statement of December 22, 1868, quoted in Congressional Globe, 42nd Cong., 2nd sess., May 8, 1872, p. 3220.

1706283169

1706283170 [41]See www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/poplargrove/poplargrovehist.htm; New York Times, July 8, 1866, p. 4.

1706283171

1706283172 [42]“The National Cemeteries,” Chicago Tribune, January 23, 1867, p.2; Steven R. Stotelmyer, The Bivouacs of the Dead (Baltimore: Toomey Press, 1992), p. 22.

1706283173

1706283174 [43]“Report of the Quartermaster General,” Executive Documents Printed by Order of the House of Representatives During the Second Session of the Forty-second Congress (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872), vol. 2, pp. 135—166; “Report of the Quartermaster General, Secretary of War,” Executive Documents Printed by Order of theHouse of Representatives During the Third Session of the Forty-first Congres(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1871), vol. 2, p. 210; “CivilWar Era National Cemeteries,” online at www.va.gov/facmgt/historic/civilwar.asp,关于总花费，参见Charles W. Snell and Sharon A. Brown, Antietam National Battlefield and National Cemetery, Sharpsburg, Maryland: An Administrative History (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1986), p. 29; Leslie Perry, “The Confederate Dead,” clipping from New York Sun [1898] in RG 92 585, NARA。关于国家公墓的草图，参见Whitman, Final Report. Sara Amy Leach, Senior Historian, National Cemetery Administration, Department of Veterans’ Affairs, letter toauthor, October 5, 2004,这封信给出了非洲裔美国人埋葬地的详细情况。她指出，坟墓隔离似乎是源于习俗而非明确的规定。关于表格，参见“Weekly Report of the Number of Interments”, July 28, 1866, Letters and Reports Received Relating to Cemeteries, RG 92 E569, NARA。

1706283175

1706283176 [44]Whitman, “Remarks on National Cemeteries,” p. 225.

1706283177

1706283178 [45]John Trowbridge, “The Wilderness”, Atlantic Monthly, 17 ( January1866), 45, 46.

1706283179

1706283180 [46]“Burial of the Rebel Dead”, New York Times, January 30, 1868, p.4; Russell F. Weigley, Quartermaster General of the Union Army: ABiography of M. C. Meigs (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), pp. 308—310.

1706283181

1706283182 [47]Examiner的话引自Mary H. Mitchell, Hollywood Cemetery: The History of a Southern Shrine (Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1985), p. 64.

1706283183

1706283184 [48]“To the Women of the South,” in Daily Richmond Enquirer, May 31, 1866, clipping in Hollywood Memorial Association Collection, ESBL.

1706283185

1706283186 [49]Oakwood Ladies Memorial Association, Minutes, April 19, 1866, Oakwood Memorial Association Collection, ESBL.

1706283187

1706283188 [50]Minute Book, 1867, Hollywood Memorial Association Collection.

1706283189

1706283190 [51]Henry Timrod, “Ode,” in The Columbia Book of Civil War Poetry, ed. Richard Marius (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), p.418.关于阵亡将士纪念日，参见Blight, Race and Reunion, pp. 70—73; online at www.usmemorialday.org/order11.htm。另参见William Blair, Cities of the Dead: Contesting the Memory of the Civil War in the South, 1865—1914 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), pp. 44—76。

1706283191

1706283192 [52]Downing的传单引自Anne Sarah Rubin, A Shattered Nation: The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy, 1861—1868 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), p. 234。

1706283193

1706283194 [53]Ibid., p. 235; Neff, Honoring the Civil War Dead, pp. 146—148.关于女性与内战时期的政治，参见Drew Gilpin Faust, Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), pp.207—219。

1706283195

1706283196 [54]“Virginia—Dedication of the Stonewall Cemetery—Feeling of the Southern People—Miscellaneous Incidents,” New York Times, October 29, 1866, p. 8.关于Ashby，参见Confederated Southern Memorial Association, History of the Confederated Memorial Associations of the South (New Orleans: Graham Press, 1904), p.149。

1706283197

1706283198 [55]Confederated Southern Memorial Association, History, p. 92; Rubin, Shattered Nation, p. 236.另参见Gaines M. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South, 1865—1913 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 36—46。

1706283199

1706283200 [56]Abram J. Ryan, “Lines Respectfully Inscribed to the Ladies Memorial Association of Fredericksburg, Virginia,” December 31, 1866, VHS; Abram J. Ryan, “March of the Deathless Dead,” Poems: Patriotic, Religious (Baltimore: Baltimore Publishing Co., 1885), p. 39.参见Robert K. Krick, Roster of the Confederate Deadin the Fredericksburg Confederate Cemetery (Fredericksburg, Va.:published by the author, 1974)。

1706283201

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