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[58]Dogan to Palmer, June 16, 1870, February 25, 1871, ibid., p. 686.
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[59]Gregory A. Coco, A Strange and Blighted Land: Gettysburg; The Aftermath of a Battle (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1995), p. 136.关于安蒂特姆的南部邦联死难者与被重葬在Hagerstown的Washington Cemetery的2240具遗体，参见Steven R.Stotelmyer, The Bivouacs of the Dead: The Story of Those Who Died at Antietam and South Mountain (Baltimore: Toomey Press, 1992),与Snell and Brown, Antietam NationalBattlefield and Cemeter。南部邦联死难者也仍埋在北方的战俘营原址。参见，例如，“Confederate Dead.Cemeteries. Elmira,” Confederate Dead Collection, ESBL。
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[60]Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 134.
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[61]关于Confederate Memorial Day at Charleston, S.C. Reintermentof the Carolina Dead from Gettysburg (Charleston, S.C.: William C. Maczyck, 1871); Mary H. Mitchell, Hollywood Cemetery: The History of a Southern Shrine (1985; rpt. Richmond: Library ofVirginia, 1999), pp. 83—92。另参见Correspondence Regarding Gettysburg Dead, 1872—1902,与Correspondence and Memoranda Regarding Weaver’s Claim, 1871—1873, Hollywood Memorial Association Collection, ESBL。
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[62]Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, pp. 143—148; “Ghost of Gettysburg,” Atlanta Journal and Constitution, November 24, 1996, Dixie Living, p. 3.
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[63]参见David Charles Sloane, The Last Great Necessity
:Cemeteries in American History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991)。
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[64]解释”（Accounting）一词在本章中一语双关，兼有“对……负责”之意。二者的联系为：国家应对死者负责，这就好比管家应对主人解释账本（埃德蒙·B.惠特曼），使用他人财物者应向财物所有人解释其使用情况（克拉拉·巴顿）。
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第八章 统计
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[1]Kate Campbell to Mattie McGaw, May 1, 1863, McGaw Family Papers, SCL.
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[2]Patricia Cline Cohen, A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 205. I. B. Cohen, The Triumph of Numbers: How Counting Shaped Modern Life (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005); Alain DeRosières, The Politics of Large Numbers: A History of Statistical Reasoning (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998).
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[3]Walt Whitman, Specimen Days, in Whitman, Complete Prose Works (New York: Appleton, 1910), pp. 114—115.
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[4]Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Massachusetts in the Army and Navy During the War of 1861—1865 (Boston: Wright & Potter, 1896), vol. 1, pp. viii, ix.
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[5]William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman (New York: Library of America, 1990), p. 607.对Sherman的伤亡数字与整个内战的伤亡数字的一个精彩分析，参见James Dawes, “Counting on the Battlefield: Literature and Philosophy After the Civil War,” in The Language of War: Literatureand Culture in the U.S. from the Civil War through World War II (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002), quote on p.29。关于McClellan，参见George B. McClellan, McClellan’s Own Story (New York: C. L. Webster & Co., 1887),与Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1988)。
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[6]关于Lee，参见William F. Fox, Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, 1861—1865 (Albany, N.Y.: Albany Publishing Company, 1889; rpt. 2002), p. 559。关于Lee在葛底斯堡战役后对伤亡统计数据的篡改，参见Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, Vol.2 : From Fredericksburg to Meridian (New York: Random House, 1963), p. 578。
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[7]William F. Fox, “The Chances of Being Hit in Battle,” Century Illustrated Magazine 36 (May 1888): 94; Fox, Regimental Losses, p. 7.
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[8]Fox, Regimental Losses, p. 57.
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[9]John William De Forest, Miss Ravenel’s Conversion from Secession to Loyalty (New York: Harper, 1867), pp. 482—483.另参见John W. De Forest, A Volunteer’s Adventures: A Union Captain’s Record of the Civil War, ed. James H. Croushore (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1946), p. 151.关于南部邦联官兵名册的不可靠性，参见W. H. Taylor to J. E. Hagood, January 13, 1863, Hagood Papers, SCL。关于伤亡统计报告的错谬，参见George C. Rable, Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg! (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), pp. 288—289。
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[10]J. J. Woodward, The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, Part I, Vol. I: Medical History (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1870), pp. xxx, xxxi;Thomas L. Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861—1865, 2nd ed. (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1901), p. 6; “Notes on the Unon and Confederate Armies,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York: Century, 1889), pp. 767—768.关于抚恤金，参见Megan McClintock, “Civil War Pensions and the Reconstruction of Union Families,” Journal of American History 83 (September 1996): 456—480; Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992); William H. Glasson, Federal Military Pensions in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1918)。
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[11]Mabel E. Deutrich, Struggle for Supremacy: The Career of General Fred C. Ainsworth (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1962), pp. 46, 91. Compiled Military Service Records (CMSR)已成为了内战研究者与系谱学者的一个必备工具。现已出版了一个索引，其中包含由Silas Felton所写的一个有用的引言。这篇引言讲解了CMSR的起源，并列出了各州官兵名册的书目信息。参见Janet B. Hewett, ed., The Roster of UnionSoldiers, 1861—1865 (Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot, 1997。Robert Krick为Janet B. Hewett, ed., The Roster of Confederate Soldiers, 1861—1865 (Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot, 1995)一书写了引言，并在其中同样加入了概论与各州士兵名册目录。
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[12]Samuel P. Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861—1865, (Harrisburg, Pa.: B. Singerly, 1869—1871), vol. 1, pp. iv—v.
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[13]Higginson, Massachusetts in the Army and Navy, vol. 1, p. 568; Silas Felton, “Introduction,” in Hewett, ed., Roster of Union Soldiers, vol. 1, p. 29.
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[14]James David Hacker最新的一项研究，发现了南部邦联记录的其他一些问题，指出南部死于腹泻与痢疾的士兵人数被严重少算，战争死亡总数应从258000增加到282600。Hacker, “The Human Cost of War: White Population in theUnited States, 1850—1880,” Ph.D. diss. (University of Minnesota, 1999), pp. 41—43。Hacker认为联邦与南部邦联阵亡数字是“比较准确的”（p. 15）。在我看来，他过于乐观了。Battles and Leaders of the Civil War在1889年总结道，“没有资料可供我们”对南部邦联的伤亡“进行一个比较准确的估计”。参见“Notes on the Union and Confederate Armies,” in Johnson and Buel, eds., Battles andLeaders of the Civil War, vol. 4, p. 768).也请注意Robert Krick对“南部邦联人对保存军事记录漠不关心的态度”之评论，见他为Roster of Confederate Soldiers一书所作的引言，p. 4。
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[15]A. S. Salley Jr., comp., South Carolina Troops in Confederate Service (Columbia, S.C.: R. L. Bryan Co., 1913), pp. v, vi, vii, viii.一名南部邦联遗孀依据Rives的笔记簿编纂的“死难者名册”（Roll of the Dead），直至1993年才在国家档案馆被找到。它现已被出版为：Roll of the Dead: South Carolina Troops in Confederate State Service (Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 1994)。
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[16]John W. Moore, Roster of North Carolina Troops in the War Between the States, Prepared by Order of the Legislature of 1881, 4 vols. (Raleigh, N.C.: Ash & Gatling, 1882), vol. 1, p. v.关于Tennessee，参见John Berrien Lindsley, The Military Annals of Tennessee (Nashville, Tenn.: J. M. Lindsley & Co., 1886)。
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[17]“Editorial Department,” Southern Historical Society Papers 1 (January—June 1876): 39; “Confederate Losses During the War—Correspondence Between Dr. Joseph Jones and General Samuel Cooper,” Southern Historical Society Papers 7 ( June 1879): 289.
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