1706283237

1706283238 [10]J. J. Woodward, The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, Part I, Vol. I: Medical History (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1870), pp. xxx, xxxi;Thomas L. Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861—1865, 2nd ed. (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1901), p. 6; “Notes on the Unon and Confederate Armies,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York: Century, 1889), pp. 767—768.关于抚恤金，参见Megan McClintock, “Civil War Pensions and the Reconstruction of Union Families,” Journal of American History 83 (September 1996): 456—480; Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992); William H. Glasson, Federal Military Pensions in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1918)。

1706283239

1706283240 [11]Mabel E. Deutrich, Struggle for Supremacy: The Career of General Fred C. Ainsworth (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1962), pp. 46, 91. Compiled Military Service Records (CMSR)已成为了内战研究者与系谱学者的一个必备工具。现已出版了一个索引，其中包含由Silas Felton所写的一个有用的引言。这篇引言讲解了CMSR的起源，并列出了各州官兵名册的书目信息。参见Janet B. Hewett, ed., The Roster of UnionSoldiers, 1861—1865 (Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot, 1997。Robert Krick为Janet B. Hewett, ed., The Roster of Confederate Soldiers, 1861—1865 (Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot, 1995)一书写了引言，并在其中同样加入了概论与各州士兵名册目录。

1706283241

1706283242 [12]Samuel P. Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861—1865, (Harrisburg, Pa.: B. Singerly, 1869—1871), vol. 1, pp. iv—v.

1706283243

1706283244 [13]Higginson, Massachusetts in the Army and Navy, vol. 1, p. 568; Silas Felton, “Introduction,” in Hewett, ed., Roster of Union Soldiers, vol. 1, p. 29.

1706283245

1706283246 [14]James David Hacker最新的一项研究，发现了南部邦联记录的其他一些问题，指出南部死于腹泻与痢疾的士兵人数被严重少算，战争死亡总数应从258000增加到282600。Hacker, “The Human Cost of War: White Population in theUnited States, 1850—1880,” Ph.D. diss. (University of Minnesota, 1999), pp. 41—43。Hacker认为联邦与南部邦联阵亡数字是“比较准确的”（p. 15）。在我看来，他过于乐观了。Battles and Leaders of the Civil War在1889年总结道，“没有资料可供我们”对南部邦联的伤亡“进行一个比较准确的估计”。参见“Notes on the Union and Confederate Armies,” in Johnson and Buel, eds., Battles andLeaders of the Civil War, vol. 4, p. 768).也请注意Robert Krick对“南部邦联人对保存军事记录漠不关心的态度”之评论，见他为Roster of Confederate Soldiers一书所作的引言，p. 4。

1706283247

1706283248 [15]A. S. Salley Jr., comp., South Carolina Troops in Confederate Service (Columbia, S.C.: R. L. Bryan Co., 1913), pp. v, vi, vii, viii.一名南部邦联遗孀依据Rives的笔记簿编纂的“死难者名册”（Roll of the Dead），直至1993年才在国家档案馆被找到。它现已被出版为：Roll of the Dead: South Carolina Troops in Confederate State Service (Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 1994)。

1706283249

1706283250 [16]John W. Moore, Roster of North Carolina Troops in the War Between the States, Prepared by Order of the Legislature of 1881, 4 vols. (Raleigh, N.C.: Ash & Gatling, 1882), vol. 1, p. v.关于Tennessee，参见John Berrien Lindsley, The Military Annals of Tennessee (Nashville, Tenn.: J. M. Lindsley & Co., 1886)。

1706283251

1706283252 [17]“Editorial Department,” Southern Historical Society Papers 1 (January—June 1876): 39; “Confederate Losses During the War—Correspondence Between Dr. Joseph Jones and General Samuel Cooper,” Southern Historical Society Papers 7 ( June 1879): 289.

1706283253

1706283254 [18]Frederick Phisterer, Statistical Record of the Armies of the United States (1883; rpt.New York: Castle, 2002); Fox, Regimental Losses; Thomas Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1901); Frederick Dyer, A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (1908; rpt. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959).该书1959年重印本有一篇由Bell Irvin Wiley所作的精彩引言。另参见Dyer的书评，American Historical Review 15 ( July 1910): 889—891。

1706283255

1706283256 [19]Fox, Regimental Losses, p. 58.

1706283257

1706283258 [20]Ibid., p. 1; William F. Fox, “The Chances of Being Hit in Battle,” Century Illustrated Magazine 36 (May 1888): 99.

1706283259

1706283260 [21]Fox, Regimental Losses, pp. 58—59.

1706283261

1706283262 [22]Ibid., pp. 58, 59, 61.

1706283263

1706283264 [23]参见www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/j/josephstall1137476.htm; Fox, Regimental Losses, p. 46。

1706283265

1706283266 [24]Walt Whitman, Memoranda During the War (1875; rpt. Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Books, 1993), pp. 74, 73, 74, 75; Walt Whitman, “Reconciliation,” in Whitman, Civil War Poetry and Prose (New York: Dover, 1995) p. 25; Whitman, “As Toilsome I Wander’d Virginia’s Woods”, in Whitman, Civil War Poetry and Prose, p. 25; Whitman, Memoranda, p. 46. Whitman的数字或许源自一封信，即Charles W. Folsom, brevet colonel and assistant quartermaster to Brevet Brigadier General A.J. Perry, U.S. Quartermaster, May 27, 1868。后者为Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers Who Died in Defence of the American Union, Interred in the National Cemeteries and Other Burial Places (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1868的第16卷写了引言，p. viii. Folsom的分类与数字同Whitman的很相似。

1706283267

1706283268 [25]关于“All Quiet”当时的版本，参见，例如“Editor’s Table,” Southern Literary Messenger 34 (September—October 1862): 589,与“Journal of the War,” DeBow’s Review 2 (July 1866): 68—69。

1706283269

1706283270 [26]“Only One Killed,” Harper’s Weekly, May 24, 1862, pp. 330—331; Lewis的 话引 自Robert V. Wells, Facing the “King of Terrors”: Death and Society in an American Community, 1750—1990 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 127。

1706283271

1706283272 [27]参见H. M. Wharton, War Songs and Poems of the Southern Confederacy (Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1904), pp. 153—154, 131—132; “Only”, Harper’s Weekly, January 3, 1863; “One of Many,” Harper’s Weekly, April 16, 1864. “Only a Private Killed”是一首由H. L. Gordon创作、1861年11月12日送给E. H. Ogden女士的诗歌之副诗，GLC6559.01.038, Gilder Lehrman Collection, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, NYHS。

1706283273

1706283274 [28]关于内战时期的伤感，参见Alice Fahs, “The Sentimental Soldier,” in Fahs, The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South, 1861—1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), pp. 93—119,与Frances M. Clarke, “Sentimental Bonds: Suffering, Sacrifice and Benevolence in the Civil War North,” Ph.D. diss. ( Johns Hopkins University, 2001)。关于讽刺，参见Claire Colebrook, Irony (New York: Routledge, 2004)。

1706283275

1706283276 [29]Fox, Regimental Losses, p. 574.

1706283277

1706283278 [30]“统计学”（statistics）一词的词根为“国家”（state）。 ——译注

1706283279

1706283280 尾声

1706283281

1706283282 [1]Walter Lowenfels, ed. and comp., Walt Whitman’s Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960), p. 15; Bierce的话引自Daniel Aaron, The Unwritten War: American Writers and the Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1973), p. 183。

1706283283

1706283284 [2]Bierce的话引自Roy Morris Jr., Ambrose Bierce: Alone in Bad Company (New York: Crown, 1996), p. 205; Sidney Lanier to Bayard Taylor, August 7, 1875, in Charles R. Anderson and Aubrey H. Starke, eds., Letters, 1874—1877, The Centennial Edition of the Works of Sidney Lanier (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1945), vol. 9, p. 230。

1706283285

1706283286 [3]Susannah Hampton to Dear Sir, September 14, 1863, Philadelphia Agency, Hospital Directory Correspondence, vol. 2, box 597, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.

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