打字猴:1.706287317e+09
1706287317 [8]Waterhouse, Declaration, RVC, III, 558.
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1706287319 [9]Relation of What Occurred Most Remarkable in the Missions of the Fathers of the Society ofJesus in New France in the Years 1647 and 1648 (Paris, 1649) 252.
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1706287321 [10]http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th century/maryland toleration.asp (November 10, 2009).
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1706287323 [11]Robert C. Winthrop, Life and Letters of John Winthrop (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1867) 5.
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1706287325 [12]William Bradford, History ofPlymouth Plantation (Boston, 1856) 90.
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1706287327 [13]Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, 78.
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1706287329 [14]Winthrop, Life and Letters ofJohn Winthrop, 19.
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1706287331 [15]Winthrop, Life and Letters ofJohn Winthrop, 184.
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1706287333 [16]Roger Williams, The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience discussed in a Conference between Truth and Peace (1644) 3;Winthrop, Life and Letters ofJohn Winthrop, 18.
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1706287335 [17]Thomas Hutchinson, History of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay(Boston: 1767).
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1706287337 [18]Thomas Wiggin to Sir John Cooke, November 19, 1632, in Winthrop, Life and Letters ofJohn Winthrop, 31.
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1706287339 [19]Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, 357; John Mason, A Brief History of the Pequot War (1736) 14; Winthrop, Life and Letters ofJohn Winthrop, 195.
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1706287341 [20]John Winthrop, General Considerations for the Plantation in New England, with an Answer to Several Objections, in Winthrop Papers (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1931) 2: 120.
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1706287343 [21]Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, 385-386.
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1706287345 [22]The full text is available in several edited editions, but can be read on-line at:http://www.history1700s.com/etext/html/blcrmmr.shtml (November 20, 2009).
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1706287347 [23]Berkeley quoted in Wilcomb E. Washburn, “Governor Berkeley and King Philip’s War, ”New England Quarterly, 30:3 (September 1957): 363-377, esp. 366.
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1706287349 [24]Berkeley quoted in Warren M. Billings, Sir William Berkeley and the forging of colonial Virginia (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004) 236.
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1706287351 [25]This analysis of tobacco advertising is derived from Catherine Molineux, “Pleasures of the Smoke: ‘Black Virginians’ in Georgian London’s Tobacco Shops, ”William and Mary Quarterly, 2 (April 2007): 327-376.
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1706287356 剑桥美国史 [:1706286833]
1706287357 剑桥美国史 第三章 全人类的事业——从殖民地到《常识》
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1706287359 在很大程度上来说,美洲的事业是全人类的事业。
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1706287361 托马斯·潘恩《常识》,1776年
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1706287363 冲突是英国在美洲殖民进程的一个显著特点,也正是冲突最终毁掉了英国的殖民计划,建立起美国这个新国家。白人殖民者与阿尔贡金部落的公开交战让他们彰显了自己有别于美洲土著的身份,并且明确界定了两者之间的种族差异。在未来的日子里,这种种族差异也会出现在白人社会和非洲群体之间。这和我们今天所说的种族歧视还不是同一个概念,但当时这种关于种族的观点会逐渐凝结为一种固有的种族、民族特征。在其形成过程中,战争正是一个主导因素。
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1706287365 战争让英国殖民者更加确信自己本质上的“英国性”(Englishness)。在当时的环境下,这些殖民者陷入了身份危机,这不仅是因为与美洲印第安人的接触,也源于他们对其他国家殖民美洲情况的了解。新法兰西殖民地的法国人比英国人更有决心,一心想让美洲土著信奉他们的宗教(天主教),抛弃原先的部落文化,融入法国的社会文化。但这样做往往适得其反。当时的一位官员让·博沙尔·德·尚皮尼(Jean Bochart de Champigny)指出:“在更多的情况下,法国人会变成野蛮人,而不是野蛮人变成法国人。”[1]不过在英国人看来,这种说法无关紧要,反正不久之后,他们既会和法国人、也会和土著人作战。英国人通过暴力维护了自己作为生而自由的英国人的身份,捍卫了这种身份中蕴含的价值。最终,这种暴力又会迫使他们从自己原有的欧洲身份中脱离出来,形成一种新的身份。美国这个政治文化国家、单一民族独立国家也许的确起源于“阿尔比恩的种子”(Albion’s Seed),但这颗种子绝非新世界里唯一的种子。当其他所有的种子都开始发芽,一种截然不同的植物就出现了。
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