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拉什一直以来都是一位颇具先见之明的评论家。制宪会议设计的政府框架在后来证明——如今也仍在证明——美国建国者是多么的敏锐、思考是多么的机敏、对于这个新共和国的构想是多么的灵活。宪法本身成为美国国家身份和美国民族主义的决定性文件之一。在1787年以来的美国政治和社会生活中，面对变幻莫测的历史环境，它一直都展现出非同寻常的调节适应能力。不过，对于在奴隶制方面所做出的妥协，美国的建国者们也许有一点太过自信。美国宪法并不是唯一一份定义这个新生国家的文件，在它之前还有《独立宣言》，并且，《独立宣言》对自由的设想更加开放。1787年9月中旬，当代表们准备离开费城之时，有关这份美国宪法的辩论尚未平息，有关《独立宣言》的争论才刚刚开始。
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[1]Abraham Lincoln, Address at Sanitary Fair, Baltimore, Maryland, April 18, 1864, in Roy Basler (ed), The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 11 Vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953) VII, 301-302.
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[2]Thomas Jefferson, A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774), available at, among others: http://libertyonline.hypermall.com/ Jefferson/Summaryview.html (December 2, 2009).
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[3]Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (London: John Stockdale, 1787) 270, 271-272.
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[4]Declaration of Independence (draft), in Julian P. Boyd (ed), The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. 1, 1760-1776 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1950) 246-247.
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[5]Samuel Johnson, “Taxation No Tyranny: An Answer to the Resolutions and Address of the American Congress, ”in The Works of Samuel Johnson (New York
:Pafraets ＆ Company, 1913) Vol. 14, 93-144.
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[6]Phillis Wheatley, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (London, 1773) 7.
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[7]John Woolman, Journal of John Woolman, available at: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/WooJour.html (November 29, 2009) chapter VII, 251;Woolman, “Considerations on Keeping Negroes, ”Part II (1762) quoted in David G. Houston, “John Woolman’s Efforts in Behalf of Freedom, ”Journal of Negro History, 2 (April 1917): 126-138, 135, n. 24.
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[8]Eliza Lucas Pinckney to Mr. Morley, March 14, 1760; to Mrs. Evance, March 15, 1760, in William A. Link and Marjorie Spruill Wheeler, The South in the History of the Nation, Vol. I (Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999) 72, 74-75.
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[9]Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The Colonial Experience (New York: Random House, 1958) 351.
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[10]Ebenezer Baldwin, The Duty of Rejoicing Under Calamities and Afflictions(New York: Hugh Gaine, 1776) 21-22.
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[11]Samuel Ward to Henry Ward, November 11, 1775, in Letters of Delegates to Congress, available at: http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw: @field(DOCID±@lit(dg002322)) (December 20, 2009)
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[12]Joseph Doddridge, Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania from 1763 to 1783 (Pittsburgh, PA: Ritenour and Lindsey, 1912) 142.
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[13]George Washington to Meshech Weare et al., “Circular Letter on Continental Army, ”October 18, 1780, in The George Washington Papers, Library of Congress, available at: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwhome.html(December 27, 2009).
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[14]George Washington to Continental Congress, December 16, 1776; to Meshech Weare et al., October 18, 1780, in Washington Papers.
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[15]George Washington to Continental Congress, December 23, 1777, in Washington Papers.
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[16]George Washington to Henry Laurens, November 14, 1778, in Washington Papers.
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[17]George Washington to Continental Congress, December 20, 1776; to John Sullivan, December 17, 1780, in Washington Papers.
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[18]Clinton, memo of conversation on February 7, 1776, quoted in Stephen Conway, “To Subdue America: British Army Officers and the Conduct of the Revolutionary War, ”William and Mary Quarterly, 43:3 (July 1986): 381-407, quote 381.
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[19]George Washington to John Banister, April 21, 1778, in Washington Papers.
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[20]Benjamin Rush, “Address to the People of the United States, ”American Museum, Philadelphia, January 1787.
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[21]21 Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, a Preliminary Review of the Constitutional History of the Colonies and States, before the Adoption of the Constitution (Boston: Hilliard, Gray and Company;Cambridge: Brown, Shattuck, and Co., 1833) 3: 1120.
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[22]Noah Webster, American Magazine, 1788; quoted in Hans Kohn, American Nationalism: An Interpretative Essay (New York: Collier Books, 1961) 57.
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[23]23 Benjamin Rush to Dr. John Coakley Lettsom, September 28, 1787, quoted in John P. Kaminski, A Necessary Evil? Slavery and the Debate over the Constitution(Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1995) 117
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