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出于管理土地的考虑，联邦政府自1787年《西北法令》以来，明确了这些地区只是法律和实际意义上的过渡州，并将很快变成联邦真正管辖下的州。出于管理人口的考虑，政策中也加入了一些过渡性元素，但这些元素被过多的成见和偏见所阻碍。一直以来，这些成见和偏见使他们中的大多数人无法获得国家归属感。随着联邦在1865年赢得内战的胜利，同时也随着第十三、十四修正案相继通过，非裔美国人至少在法律层面上成为具有选举资格的“美国人”。奴隶制被彻底废除，但事实证明支撑奴隶制的种族意识却变得更加富有韧性。在下一个世纪，种族区隔和种族差异在大多数情况下都会成为国家发展的基石。而需要面对这一令人困扰的现实的绝不仅仅是非裔美国人。
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[1]Seward’s 1858 address can be read in full at: http://www.nyhistory.com/central/conflict.htm (February 10, 2010)
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[2]Morse and 1861 message both quoted in Jill Lepore, A is for American: Letters and Other Characters in the Newly United States (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002) 10, 154.
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[3]Abraham Lincoln, “Message to Congress in Special Session, ”July 4, 1861, in Roy Basler (ed.), The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 11 Vols. (New Brunswick, NJ.: Rutgers University Press, 1953) Vol. IV, 438.
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[4]New York (Daily) Tribune, November 27, 1860.
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[5]New Orleans Daily Picayune, June 29 and 26, 1861.
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[6]William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South (Boston: T.O.H.P. Burnham, 1863) 467-468, 470.
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[7]Joseph E. Johnston quoted in John G. Nicolay, The Outbreak of Rebellion (1881.Reprint. New York: Da Capo Press, 1995) 211.
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[8]Samuel Fiske (14th Connecticut) and diarist from 9th Pennsylvania, both quoted in Stephen Sears, Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (1983.Paperback Reprint. New York: Warner Books, 1985) 347.
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[9]Seward’s speech was delivered on March 11, 1850. It can be accessed at: http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/SpeechesSeward NewTerritories.htm (February 20, 2010).
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[10]George Templeton Strong’s diary entry March 11, 1861, in Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas (eds.), The Diary of George Templeton Strong, 4 Vols (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1952) III, 109.
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[11]Howell Cobb to James A. Seddon, January 8, 1865, “Georgia and the Confederacy, ”The American Historical Review, Vol. 1, 1 (October 1895): 97-102, 97-98.
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[12]John Murray Forbes to Charles Sumner, December 27, 1862, in Sarah Forbes Hughes (ed.), Letters and Recollections of John Murray Forbes, 2 Vols. (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1899) I: 350-351
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[13]Eva B. Jones to Mrs. Mary Jones, July 14, 1865, in Robert Manson Myers, The Children of Pride: a True Story of Georgia and the Civil War, Abridged Edition (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984) 554.
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[14]Niles’ Weekly Register, November 28, 1835.
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[15]Nicholas Faith, The World the Railways Made (London: Pimlico, 1990) 67.
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[16]Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Young American, ”1844, in Joel Porte (ed.), Essays and Lectures by Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York: Library of America, 1983) 211, 213-214.
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[17]George Berkeley, “Verses on the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America, ”written in 1726, published 1752, in Rexmond C. Cochrane, “Bishop Berkeley and the Progress of Arts and Learning: Notes on a Literary Convention, ”The Huntington Library Quarterly, 17:3 (May, 1954): 229-249, 230.
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[18]Henry Benjamin Whipple, Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcopate (New York
:The Macmillan Company, 1912) 105.
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[19]Whipple, Lights and Shadows, 124.
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[20]Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address, ”March 4, 1865, in Basler (ed.), Collected Works ofAbraham Lincoln, VIII, 333.
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[21]Bayard Taylor, “What is an American?”The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 35, No.211(May 1875) pp. 561-567, quotations pp. 562, 565-566.
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[22]Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table (1858): 18.
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