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[5]New Orleans Daily Picayune, June 29 and 26, 1861.
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[6]William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South (Boston: T.O.H.P. Burnham, 1863) 467-468, 470.
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[7]Joseph E. Johnston quoted in John G. Nicolay, The Outbreak of Rebellion (1881.Reprint. New York: Da Capo Press, 1995) 211.
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[8]Samuel Fiske (14th Connecticut) and diarist from 9th Pennsylvania, both quoted in Stephen Sears, Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (1983.Paperback Reprint. New York: Warner Books, 1985) 347.
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[9]Seward’s speech was delivered on March 11, 1850. It can be accessed at: http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/SpeechesSeward NewTerritories.htm (February 20, 2010).
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[10]George Templeton Strong’s diary entry March 11, 1861, in Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas (eds.), The Diary of George Templeton Strong, 4 Vols (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1952) III, 109.
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[11]Howell Cobb to James A. Seddon, January 8, 1865, “Georgia and the Confederacy, ”The American Historical Review, Vol. 1, 1 (October 1895): 97-102, 97-98.
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[12]John Murray Forbes to Charles Sumner, December 27, 1862, in Sarah Forbes Hughes (ed.), Letters and Recollections of John Murray Forbes, 2 Vols. (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1899) I: 350-351
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[13]Eva B. Jones to Mrs. Mary Jones, July 14, 1865, in Robert Manson Myers, The Children of Pride: a True Story of Georgia and the Civil War, Abridged Edition (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984) 554.
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[14]Niles’ Weekly Register, November 28, 1835.
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[15]Nicholas Faith, The World the Railways Made (London: Pimlico, 1990) 67.
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[16]Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Young American, ”1844, in Joel Porte (ed.), Essays and Lectures by Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York: Library of America, 1983) 211, 213-214.
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[17]George Berkeley, “Verses on the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America, ”written in 1726, published 1752, in Rexmond C. Cochrane, “Bishop Berkeley and the Progress of Arts and Learning: Notes on a Literary Convention, ”The Huntington Library Quarterly, 17:3 (May, 1954): 229-249, 230.
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[18]Henry Benjamin Whipple, Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcopate (New York
:The Macmillan Company, 1912) 105.
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[19]Whipple, Lights and Shadows, 124.
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[20]Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address, ”March 4, 1865, in Basler (ed.), Collected Works ofAbraham Lincoln, VIII, 333.
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[21]Bayard Taylor, “What is an American?”The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 35, No.211(May 1875) pp. 561-567, quotations pp. 562, 565-566.
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[22]Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table (1858): 18.
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剑桥美国史 第七章 应许之地——通往美国世纪的大门
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让我们用眼泪送走黑暗的过去，转身面向灿烂的未来，低垂眼帘，奋力向前吧。人类漫长的、令人厌倦的冬天已经结束，夏天已经到来。人类已经破茧而出，天堂就在面前了。
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爱德华·贝拉米《回顾》，1888年
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1862年12月，艾达·韦尔斯（Ida B. Wells）还只有5个月大的时候，厄尔·范登（Earl Van Dorn）带领南方邦联军队突袭了她的家乡密西西比州的霍利斯普林斯镇，目标锁定北方联邦军将军尤利西斯·格兰特为袭击田纳西州维克斯堡而在此建立的补给站。1878年，艾达15岁的时候，黄热病在镇上肆虐，夺去了她的双亲和一个弟弟的生命。1884年，21岁的艾达乘坐火车时被强行逐出妇女专用车厢，理由是该车厢仅供白人使用。艾达的遭遇在某种程度上也是19世纪晚期许多美国人面临的危险和困境，尤其是南方人，当时“黄杰克”（黄热病的别称）对他们的生命造成了持久的威胁。黄热病是不分种族的，但这一时期的铁路却作出了明确的种族划分。艾达·韦尔斯和其他任何的美国人一样易受病毒性感染的威胁，但她又尤其易受种族仇恨病毒的威胁，只因为她是黑人。
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艾达自双亲过世后就肩负起养家糊口的重担，对于列车乘务员的反动言论自然不太可能逆来顺受。她成功地向地方法院起诉了铁路公司，但田纳西最高法院最终否决了地方法院做出的赔偿判决。对于这位年轻姑娘来说，这无异于一记警钟：在此之前，艾达虽然严格说来是奴隶出身，但也和其他许多人一样，坚信“昨日的美国已经永远地成为过去”，而“新的国度”、未来的美国“将会是完全自由的国家，其基石正是法律面前人人自由平等”[1]——这是伊利诺伊州议员艾萨克·阿诺德（Isaac N. Arnold）在1864年说过的一段话。然而，推行这种自由总会遭到暴力反对，尤其是那些曾经的南部邦联州内的极端分子的反对。后来，这种暴力中最具破坏性的一些方面将成为艾达·韦尔斯倾其一生反抗的重心，这也将写就她的传奇人生。
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