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当然，1890年在另外一种意义上也是一个重要结点。正是在这一年，人口普查的负责人宣布“目前那些不稳定的地区已经支离破碎，成为许多单独的定居点，很难说存在一条边界线了”。至少在这一方面，美国想要覆盖美洲大陆的昭昭天命已经达成。而从其他方面讲，美国的昭昭天命可能引起的种族、宗教和社会后果才刚刚开始得到探索。
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到了19世纪的最后十年，关于美国的叙述已经出现了两条脉络，两条线的叙述都会进入下一个世纪，两种叙述都向未来做出展望，也对过去进行回顾。一个是关于镇压、种族隔离和受难的故事；另一个则是关于在这些残酷现实面前坚持不懈的故事，一个通过不断努力实现应许之地的希望与期望的故事。正是在艾达·韦尔斯、格罗弗·克利夫兰与欧文·威斯特、移民限制联合会的观点对撞中，这场心灵与思想的真正的战争将会定义“美国的世纪”。
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[1]New York Times, May 15, 1864.
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[2]John Murray Forbes to Charles Sumner, August 10, 1872, in Sarah Forbes Hughes (ed.), Letters and Recollections of John Murray Forbes, 2 Vols. (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1899) II: 178-179
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[3]Hiram C. Whitley, In It (Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1894) 104.
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[4]J. S. Pike, First Blows of the Civil War: The Ten Years of Preliminary Conflict in the United States, From 1850 to 1860 (New York, 1879) 481, 511; The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1874) 12-13.
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[5]Horace Bushnell, Barbarism the First Danger (New York: American Home Missionary Society, 1847) 16-17.
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[6]Whitley, In It, 5, 174-175.
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[7]U. S. Grant to the Senate, January 13, 1875, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, John Y. Simon (ed.), Vol. 26: 1875 (Carbondale, Ill: Southern Illinois University Press, 2003) 6-7, xi-xii.
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[8]United States vs. Cruikshank (92 U.S. 542 (1875), available at: http://supreme.justia.com/us/92/542/case.html (March 20, 2010).
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[9]Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Lynch Law in Georgia (1899) 7, 10. For a modern assessment of the Hose case, see Edwin T. Arnold, What Virtue There is in Fire
:Cultural Memory and the Lynching of Sam Hose (Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 2009).
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[10]New York Times, February 24, 1884.
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[11]Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its Phases (New York, 1892).
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[12]John Greenleaf Whittier to John Murray Forbes, June 12, 1891, in Hughes (ed.), Letters and Recollections ofJohn Murray Forbes, II, 227.
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[13]Abraham Lincoln to Joshua Speed, August 24, 1855 in Basler (ed), Collected Works ofAbraham Lincoln, II, 323.
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[14]Roger Daniels and Otis L. Graham, Debating American Immigration, 1882-Present (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001) 7
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[15]James Bryce, The American Commonwealth, 2 Vols. (1888. Revised Edition. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1923) II, 472.
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[16]Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and its Present Crisis (New York: The American Home Mission Society, 1885) 40-41.
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[17]⑰ Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the Cities (1902. Reprint. New York: Hill and Wang, 1957) 7-8. 18.
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[18]Marcus Eli Ravage, An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant(New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1917) 60.
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[19]Grover Cleveland, Veto Message, March 2, 1897. available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=70845 (April 20, 2010).
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[20]Ravage, An American in the Making, 156-157.
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[21]Owen Wister, “The Evolution of the Cow-Puncher, ”Harper’s Magazine, Vol. 91(September 1895) 602-17, quotations 603-604.
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[22]Rockefeller quoted in Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, Revised Ed. (Boston: The Beacon Press, 1955) 45-46.
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[23]Abraham Lincoln, “Annual Message to Congress, ”December 3, 1861, in Basler(ed), Collected Works ofAbraham Lincoln, V, 52.
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