打字猴:1.706289078e+09
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1706289079 对于日本人而言,美国太平洋舰队驻扎在夏威夷珍珠港,给他们的帝国野心带来了潜在的威胁,他们决定解决这个问题。1941年12月7日早晨,日本飞机向珍珠港发起突袭(图55)。在此前的两年里,美国的政客之间展开了各种各样的谈判,国会一直在激烈地辩论是否向同盟国提供武器,以及在这场他们不希望殃及美国的冲突中扩大美国的参与程度是否明智;而现在,仅仅在一个半小时里,美国的太平洋舰队就遭到重创,2000多名美国士兵阵亡,美国从此加入了第二次世界大战。
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1706289081 在珍珠港偷袭事件的20年前,哈定曾经承诺再也不会要求美国人在战争中牺牲性命。这其实是一种不切实际的断言,没有哪个现代国家能够真的做到。在20年代和30年代里,许多美国人都和多斯·帕索斯《三个士兵》(1921年)里的主人公一样,希望他们“永远不用再穿上军装”[19]。但到二战结束时,已经有1600万美国人参战,约50万人战死沙场。实际上,二战让越来越多的失业者穿上军装,却也实现了新政最终没有达成的成果:美国的经济复苏。而二战带来的效果还远不止于此。
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1706289083 在1776年,铸就美国、成为美国人的途径就是战争。在此后的几十年里,许多美国国家领导人也都一直用这一点来提醒民众美国代表着什么、当一名美国人意味着什么。前总统赫伯特·胡佛虽然反对美国加入二战,却也曾将美国人在战争中的牺牲与自由观相联系,提醒国人“在普利茅斯岩,在莱克星顿,在福吉谷,在约克城,在新奥尔良,在西部边疆的每一步,在阿波马托克斯,在圣胡安山,在阿尔贡”都有“那些为实现这个目的而牺牲的美国人的坟墓”[20]。他们在多大程度上实现了这个目的当然还有待争议。美国准备将其仍在实行种族隔离制度的武装部队派往战场的时候,许多人希望这场战争最终能够促成包容性公民国家主义的形成,而这正是新政百般努力也未能实现的。但在此过程中,美国自由的含义将会遭到挑战,也将面临变革。
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1706289085 [1]The description of the ceremonies attending the return and burial of the Unknown Soldier are taken from the New York Times, November 9-11, 1921.
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1706289087 [2]Holmes’s opinion can be accessed at: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=249&invol=47 (July 10, 2010).
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1706289089 [3]The Big Money forms the concluding part of the trilogy that also included The 42nd Parallel (1930) and Nineteen Nineteen (1932) that was published together in 1938 as U.S.A. Quotation from John Dos Passos, U.S.A. (Harmondsworth:Penguin Books, 1986) 1105.
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1706289091 [4]An audio recording of Harding’s speech, delivered in Boston on May 24, 1920, is available via the Library of Congress at: http://memory.loc.gov/ ammem/nfhtml/nfexpe.html (July 10, 2010).
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1706289093 [5]Sheldon Cheney quoted in Robert Hughes, American Visions: The Epic History ofArt in America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997) 405.
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1706289095 [6]Sheldon Cheney, An Art-Lover’s Guide to the Exposition (Berkeley: Berkeley Oak, 1915) 7.
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1706289097 [7]Calvin Coolidge, “Whose Country Is This?”Good Housekeeping, 72:2 (February 1921): 13-110, 109.
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1706289099 [8]James J. Davis, The Iron Puddler: My Life in the Rolling Mills and What Came of It (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1922) 27, 60.
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1706289101 [9]Purnell quoted in Gary Gerstle, American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001) 105.
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1706289103 [10]Harry Hamilton Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (Chicago:Published Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court, 1922).
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1706289105 [11]Buck vs. Bell (1927), available at: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase pl?court=us&vol=274&invol=200 (July 18, 2010).
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1706289107 [12]Herbert Hoover, “Address of the 50th Anniversary of Thomas Edison’s Invention of the Incandescent Electric Lamp, ”October 21, 1929, available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=21967&st=&st1= (July 20, 2010).
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1706289109 [13]Herbert Hoover, Inaugural Address, March 4, 1929, available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=21804 (July 22, 2010).
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1706289111 [14]Herbert Hoover, campaign speech, New York, October 22, 1928; Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union, December 2, 1930.
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1706289113 [15]Franklin D. Roosevelt, Commonwealth Club Address, September 23, 1932.
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1706289115 [16]Raymond Gram Swing, Forerunners of American Fascism (New York: Julian Messner, 1935).
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1706289117 [17]Herbert Hoover, “The Challenge to Liberty, ”Saturday Evening Post, September 8, 1934; Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, September 30, 1934, available at: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=14759 (July 22, 2010).
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1706289119 [18]Raymond Chandler, “The Simple Art of Murder, ”The Atlantic Monthly, 1944;reprinted in The Chandler Collection, Vol. 3 (London: Picador, 1984) 191.
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1706289121 [19]John Dos Passos, Three Soldiers (1921. Reprint. California: Coyote Canyon Press, 2007) 282.
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1706289123 [20]Hoover, “The Challenge to Liberty.”
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