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1706315809
18 New perspectives and techniques: Crosby 1994 (“faint smudges,”7).
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1706315811
19 “replaced”: Vale 1998
:231.
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1706315813
20 Growth of Bering Strait theory and fight over Chilean site: See Chap. 5.
1706315814
1706315815
21 Deloria index entries: Deloria 1995
:284.
1706315816
1706315817
21 新石器革命及农业的发明：实例见于Lev-Yadun, Gopher, and Abbo 2000; Mithen 2004。简言之，在公元前12500年左右的巴勒斯坦，人类通过采集与照料作物，组成了小型的永久性村落。真正意义上的农业直到两千年后才在土耳其南部出现，其原因至今仍有争论。到了公元前4000年左右，这些村落发展成了等级划分的城镇或城市。早期的文字至少可以追溯到公元前3000年。五个世纪以后，文字系统得到了统一，乌鲁克城的人口也达到了四万之众。
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21 “人类进程”：Wright 2005
:45。最早发展农业的新月沃地为古埃及、希腊、印度及美索不达米亚等地后来的文明奠定了基础。中国显然是独立发明了农耕技术，但其数学、文字、艺术和诸多其它领域的成就都借鉴了新月沃地的先例。然而围绕最后这种说法，学界产生了激烈的辩论。一些人相信，中国文明正如秘鲁与中美洲一样，独立于苏美尔。
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1706315821
22 Maize and early American domestications, Olmec accomplishments: See Chaps. 6, 7.
1706315822
1706315823
23 “one of the greatest”: Dantzig 1967
:35. I am grateful to Dick Teresi for introducing me to this terrific book.
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1706315825
23 History of zero: Kaplan 1999
:11-57; Teresi 2002
:22-25, 86-87, 379-82.
1706315826
1706315827
26 “bleak, frigid land”: von Hagen, V, commentary, in Cieza de León 1959
:272.
1706315828
1706315829
26 Tiwanaku: See chap. 7
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1706315831
26 Populations of Tiwanaku and Paris: Kolata 1993
:204-05; Bairoch, Batou, and Chévre 1988
:28. Metropolitan Paris reached a quarter million in about 1400.
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1706315833
27 Wari: See chap. 7.
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1706315835
27 Glacial evidence of dust storms: Thompson, Davis, and Mosley-Thompson 1994. More than a few archaeologists are skeptical of this evidence (Erickson, pers. comm.).
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1706315837
27 Mega-Niños: Schimmelmann, Lange, and Meggers 2003; Meggers 1994.
1706315838
1706315839
27 Climate and Tiwanaku, Wari decline: Kolata 2000; Binford et al. 1997; Thompson, Davis, and Mosley-Thompson 1994.
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1706315841
27 Little Ice Age: Lamb 1995: Chaps. 12, 13; Fagan 2001.
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1706315843
28 Maya: See Chap. 8.
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1706315846
1706315847
29 Mississippians: See Chap. 8.
1706315848
1706315849
31 Plains Indians rock rings: Teresi 2002
:107-09.
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1706315851
32 Lake Superior copper: S. R. Martin 1999.
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1706315853
32 Newly discovered Acre sites: Pärssinen et al. 2003. See also Erickson 2002.
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1706315855
32 Amazon: See Chap. 9
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1706315857
32 Early world histories: E.g., Otto I 1966; Dinawari 1986.
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