打字猴:1.706315819e+09
1706315819 21 “人类进程”:Wright 2005:45。最早发展农业的新月沃地为古埃及、希腊、印度及美索不达米亚等地后来的文明奠定了基础。中国显然是独立发明了农耕技术,但其数学、文字、艺术和诸多其它领域的成就都借鉴了新月沃地的先例。然而围绕最后这种说法,学界产生了激烈的辩论。一些人相信,中国文明正如秘鲁与中美洲一样,独立于苏美尔。
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1706315821 22 Maize and early American domestications, Olmec accomplishments: See Chaps. 6, 7.
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1706315823 23 “one of the greatest”: Dantzig 1967:35. I am grateful to Dick Teresi for introducing me to this terrific book.
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1706315825 23 History of zero: Kaplan 1999:11-57; Teresi 2002:22-25, 86-87, 379-82.
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1706315827 26 “bleak, frigid land”: von Hagen, V, commentary, in Cieza de León 1959:272.
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1706315829 26 Tiwanaku: See chap. 7
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1706315831 26 Populations of Tiwanaku and Paris: Kolata 1993:204-05; Bairoch, Batou, and Chévre 1988:28. Metropolitan Paris reached a quarter million in about 1400.
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1706315833 27 Wari: See chap. 7.
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1706315835 27 Glacial evidence of dust storms: Thompson, Davis, and Mosley-Thompson 1994. More than a few archaeologists are skeptical of this evidence (Erickson, pers. comm.).
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1706315837 27 Mega-Niños: Schimmelmann, Lange, and Meggers 2003; Meggers 1994.
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1706315839 27 Climate and Tiwanaku, Wari decline: Kolata 2000; Binford et al. 1997; Thompson, Davis, and Mosley-Thompson 1994.
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1706315841 27 Little Ice Age: Lamb 1995: Chaps. 12, 13; Fagan 2001.
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1706315843 28 Maya: See Chap. 8.
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1706315845 29 托尔特克人与尤卡坦:Diehl 1983(基本历史);Coe 1999:165-80(支持曾发生入侵的观点);Schele and Mathews 1998:198-201,尤其是脚注13(反对曾发生入侵)。Schele与Mathews的论点聚焦于颇受争议的碳年代,以及在我看来全然忽略了其内容的对当地艺术品风格的解释。
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1706315847 29 Mississippians: See Chap. 8.
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1706315849 31 Plains Indians rock rings: Teresi 2002:107-09.
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1706315851 32 Lake Superior copper: S. R. Martin 1999.
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1706315853 32 Newly discovered Acre sites: Pärssinen et al. 2003. See also Erickson 2002.
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1706315855 32 Amazon: See Chap. 9
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1706315857 32 Early world histories: E.g., Otto I 1966; Dinawari 1986.
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1706315859 2. 比林顿为何活了下来
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1706315861 35 Massasoit, Samoset, and Tisquantum: Bradford 1981:87-88; Winslow 1963b:37, 43-59 (“tall proper men,”53); Deetz and Deetz 2000:61-62. In quotations I have modernized the use of“f”and“v.”
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1706315863 37 Negotiations: Bradford 1981:87-89; Winslow 1963b:50-59 (“very lusty,”57); Deetz and Deetz 2000:61-62; Kupperman 2000:7.
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1706315865 39 “A friendly Indian”: Wood et al. 1971:73.
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1706315867 39 Tisquantum’s life: I have relied greatly on Salisbury 1989. See also Adams 1892-93 (vol. 1): 22-44; Foreman 1943:20-21; Humins 1987; Kinnicutt 1914; Shuf felton 1976.
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