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50 Early European exploration: Some of the vast literature includes Kupperman 1997a; Bourque and Whitehead 1994; Quinn 1974
:chap. 1; Salisbury 1982
:51-54; Axtell 1994
:154-55 (Corte-Real).
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51 作为首个到访者的韦拉扎诺:在其畅销著作《1421年:中国人发现世界》中,曾担任英国海军军官的加文·孟席斯认为,由太监郑和率领的庞大舰队于1421年从中国启航驶向美洲。舰队在加勒比海里损失了很多船只后,不得不把“数千男性和姬妾”留在了罗得岛上。随后的舰队本应将他们接上,但促成郑和下西洋的永乐皇帝逝世了,而其继任者对环游世界没有兴趣。这些搁浅在当地的中国人融入了当地群体之中。韦拉扎诺注意到,罗得岛的印第安人比其他印第安人更为“俊美”,而这在孟席斯看来,就是他们并非印第安人的证据。这幅500英尺长的中国大船搁浅在新英格兰地区的图景太过迷人,以至于我不得不很遗憾地报告说,除了孟席斯本人以外,很少有研究人员相信这一点(Menzies 2003
:281-96; 291)。
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51 Verrazzano’s account: Wroth ed. 1970
:71-90, 133-43“densely populated,”137; “little bells,”138;“irksome clamor,”139;“showing,”“barbarous,”140); Axtell 1992
:156-57.
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51 Indians’ physical appearance: Gookin 1792
:152-53 (“one part,”153); Higginson 1792
:123; Morton 1632
:32 (“as proper”); Wood 1977
:82-83 (“more amiable,”82,“torture,”83); Russell 1980
:30-32. See also the drawings of Algonquians further south by John White (Hulton 1984). Differences between colonial and native ways of treating the body are explored in Kupperman 2000
:chap. 2 (bow string, 55-56), and Axtell 2000
:154-58.
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53 Popularity of Indian hairstyles: Kupperman 1997b
:225 (“lovelocks”); Higginson 1792
:123.
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53 Indian views of Europeans
:Jaenen 2000 (weak, 76; ugly, 77; sexually untrust-worthy, 83; Micmac, 85; dirty, handkerchiefs, 87); Axtell 1988; Stannard 1992
:5 (Indian cleanliness). As a rule, only wealthy Europeans bathed—commoners wiped themselves with rags when they could.
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54 Two hundred British ships: Cell 1965.
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54 Champlain’s exploration: Biggar ed. 1922-36 (vol.1)
:349-55, 397-401. See also, Salisbury 1982
:62-66, and the enjoyable Parkman 1983(vol.1)
:191-93, 199.
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1706315939
56 Smith and Pocahontas: The best retelling of the Pocahontas story I have come across is Gunn Allen 2003. A similar, briefer account is Richter 2001
:70-78. An enjoyable nonscholarly account of Smith and Virginia is Milton 2000.
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57 Smith in New England, Hunt kidnaps Tisquantum: Arber and Bradley eds. 1910 (vol. 1)
:192-205, 256-57 (“great troupes,”“fortie,”205); (vol. 2)
:697-99; Bradford 1981
:89-90; Winslow 1963b
:52; 1963c
:70; Gorges 1890a
:209-11 (“worthlesse,”209; “warre,”211).
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57 French sailors killed or enslaved: Winship 1905
:252 (shipwreck); Winslow 1963c
:27-28 (finding body); Bradford 1981
:92, Hubbard 1848
:54-55; Adams 1892-93
:6-10.
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58 Billington: Bradford 1981
:259-60 (hanging, “profanest”), 97 (runaway), 173-74; Bradford 1906
:13 (“knave”); Winslow 1963b
:31 (shooting gun in ship); Winslow 1963d
:69-72 (runaway); Prince 1855
:291 (contempt charge); A. C. Mann 1976; Dillon 1975
:203 (“troublesome”).
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58 诋毁我的先人:我的祖父告诉我,比林顿是一名杰出的狩猎手和捕兽者。由于有着独立的食物来源,他可以视殖民地的法令如无物。我的祖父说,为了煞煞他的威风,当权者们派人前去窃取他的捕兽机关。比林顿搞清楚了事情的始末缘由。他设下埋伏,并发现了一名窃贼。那个小偷开枪向他射击。作为一名更精准的射手,我的先人开枪还击,其结果可想而知:小偷当场毙命。这个故事虽然未必是真,但并非全无可能。比林顿一家是少数安然无恙地度过了头一个冬天的家庭之一,这表明约翰的确可能是一名不错的猎手。而清教徒对那些无视宗教的人士所下的辣手之狠,在当时就已经传于四海,以至于1664年,诗人萨缪尔·巴特勒(Samuel Butler)在其畅销的讽刺作品《休迪布拉斯》(Hudibras)中也对此进行了嘲讽:“我们新英格兰的教友忙/把罪行卓绝的男犯来释放/又是谁被换到了绞刑架上/是教会没那么需要的无辜老乡”(Canto II, lines 409-12)。
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59 实际上最早被处以极刑的人:据殖民地总督乔治·珀西(George Percy)的记述,在詹姆斯敦灾难性的“饥荒时期”(1609-10年冬),“我们的一位同仁谋害了他(身怀六甲)的妻子,把胎儿从她的子宫里扯出来扔到了河里,之后又把她切成碎块并用盐腌制成了自己的食物。”珀西刑讯并处决了此人(Percy 1922
:267)。1623年3月,威萨古塞特(Wessagusset,一座敌对的马萨诸塞殖民地)因为从一户印第安人家那里偷盗玉米,被判处绞刑(Morton 1632
:108-10; Bradford 1981
:129)。布拉福德(Bradford)将比林顿之死称为普利茅斯殖民地的“第一宗”极刑判决,因此我的家族可以宣称,我们的先人是科德角地区头一个被绞死的欧洲裔人士。我刻意没有把佛罗里达的法国人和西班牙人计算在内,他们在十六世纪六十年代曾大量处决对方人员。
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59 Pilgrim incompetence: Most of this catalog of error is lifted from Bates 1940:112-13.
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1706315955
59 清教徒死了一半:在大约30名船员的陪同下,共有102人出发启航。其中一人死于途中,但在登陆前,一个美名欧谢纳斯·霍普金斯(Oceanus Hopkins,Oceanus系拉丁语,意为“海洋”)的婴儿诞生了,使得乘客总数又回到了102。在这些乘客中,44人死于第二年春天到来之前。布拉福德之妻多萝西(Dorothy)也在其中。她没有选择去面对这片未知的大陆,而是纵身跃下了五月花号,溺水身亡。
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1706315957
59 Robbing Indian graves and houses: Bradford 1981
:73-75; Winslow 1963b
:19-29 (“providence,”26). Later the Pilgrims did try to compensate the Indians for the theft (Winslow 1963c
:61-62).
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1706315959
60 English vs. continental financing for colonies, British colonists’ flakiness and helplessness: Kupperman 2000
:3-4, 11-15, 148 (“utterly,”13); Cell 1965.
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60 没搞清楚气候:鉴于许多英国旅客此前已经对当地气候进行了详细记录(例如Anon. 1979),这种混乱尤其令人惊奇。
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60 Time of drought: Stahle et al. 1998.
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60 Thoreau’s disdain: Thoreau 1906 (vol. 4)
:295-300 (“A party,”300).
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61 Tisquantum’s travels in New England: Baxter 1890
:103-10 (“appears to,”106); Gorges 1890a
:212-25; 1890b
:26-30; Dermer 1619 (“void,”131). The line from The Tempest is in act 2, scene 2.
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