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116 Hudson’s reconstruction of route: Interview, Hudson; Hudson 1993. For a fierce debate on the reliability of these reconstructions, see Henige 1993; Hudson, DePratter, and Smith 1993; Hudson et al. 1994.
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116 De Soto’s passage over Mississippi: “Gentleman of Elvas”1922 (vol. 1)
:112-17 (all quotes,113); Fernández de Biedma 1922 (vol. 2)
:25-28. See also Rollings 1995
:39-40.
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116 La Salle expedition: Parkman 1983 (vol. 1)
:920-30.
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116 Contrast between De Soto and La Salle’s experiences: Author’s interviews, Galloway, Hudson, Ramenofsky; Ramenofsky 1987
:55-63; Burnett and Murray 1993
:228.
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117 Pigs as source for epidemic: Ramenofsky and Galloway 1997
:271-73; Crosby 1986
:172-76, 212-13 (suggesting epidemic disease may also have come before De Soto), 273; Crosby 2003b
:77 (importance of pigs to Spanish).
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118 Caddo and Coosa: Perttula 1993, 1991.512-14; M. T. Smith 1994
:264-65; M. T. Smith 1987.
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118 Mass graves in the Southeast: M. T. Smith 1987
:60-68.
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118 1918 flu epidemic: Crosby 2003a.
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119 瘟疫的起源及其造成的损失：流行病学家愈发质疑黑死病是否是淋巴腺鼠疫。鼠类与跳蚤携带淋巴腺鼠疫病毒，但黑死病的传播速度要快于这些动物通常的行动速度（而且还是在较其久居地更冷的地区内）。而鼠疫杆菌的传染性从未被证明有黑死病那么强。导致那次疫情的有可能是诸如埃博拉病毒那样的出血热（Scott and Duncan 2001）。我感谢大卫·海尼格使我注意到了这种讨论。至于损失，见Wrigley 1969
:63等。
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119 人口最低值：Ubelaker 1992
:169-76，table 3。据1890年美国人口调查数据显示，美国原住民人口为23.7万（United States Bureau of the Census 1937
:3，table 2）。但人们普遍相信美国人口调查局的统计并不完全：它未能准确地调查很多原住民地区的情况，而其采用的对“印第安人”的定义的限制性又太强了。绝大多数人口统计学者都把这个数字翻一番。
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120 Zambardino critique: Zambardino 1980 (“the errors multiply,”8; “meaningful,”18).
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120 “no better than”: Crosby 1992
:175.
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121 Skepticism: Interviews, Ubelaker, Snow; Snow 1995 (“no support,”1604); 1992; Snow and Lanphear 1988. I believe David Henige coined“Low Counter”and“High Counter.”
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121 Historians’ reluctance: Calloway 2003
:415-16 (“boggle,”415); McNeill 1998: 19-23 .
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121 1967年的麻疹疫情：访谈，Napoleon Chagnon，Thomas Headland，Francis Black，Patrick Tierney；Neel et al. 1970；Neel 1977
:155-68。当美国记者帕特里克·泰尔尼发文指责尼尔及其共同执笔人、人类学家沙尼翁加重疫情，甚至有可能是在一次不道德的，关于疫苗效果的实验进程中引发了这次疫情之后，麻疹疫情成为了争论的主题（Tierney 2000）。轰动过后，研究人员大体上同意，尼尔和沙尼翁传播麻疹的可能性是可以忽略不计的（Mann 2000a，2001；Neel et al. 2001）；正如正文所表明的那样，这次疫情的病源显然是图托托比河边的传教士（Headland 2000）。根据方言的不同，雅诺马马（Yanomamo）人也被称为雅诺马米（Yanomami）人、雅诺阿马（Yanoama）人或雅诺马莫（Yanomamö）人。
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123 Distribution of blood types: Crosby 2003b
:22-30. For a more complete explanation, see Crawford 1998
:95-101.
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123 Black and HLA types: Author’s interviews, Black, Stephen S. Hall; Black 1992, 1994, 2004; Crawford 1998
:131-34. HLA classes are succinctly explained in Hall 1997
:368-69. My thanks to Steve Hall for walking me through this material.
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125 Russian fur trade: Standard histories include Fisher 1943; Lincoln 1994.
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126 “As soon as”: Fuch 1988
:169-70. Again I thank Prof. Fenn.
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128 Helper-T cell hypothesis: Hurtado, Hurtado and Hill 2004.
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129 Revolutionary War epidemic: Interviews, Fenn; Fenn 2001 (start of Boston epidemic, 46; ten to thirty a day, 47; one day before the Declaration, 53-54; “Ethiopian regiment,”57-61; Quebec, 62-71;Adams, 79).
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