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218 Maize as most important crop: The 2001 maize harvest was 609 million metric tons, whereas rice and wheat were 592 million mT and 582 million mT respectively. Statistics from the FAO agricultural database are online at http://apps.fao.org/default.htm.
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218 Three-fifths of the crops: Weatherford 1988
:204.
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218 作为秘鲁各社群创始者的奥尔梅克人：这个观点在二十世纪二三十年代较为普遍[Wells 1920（vol. 2）
:189-90]。它后来虽然逐渐失宠，但至少直到二十世纪六十年代时依然保持了其作为讨论话题的地位。
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219 作为全球最古老城市的苏美尔：一些人口密集的定居点年代更为古老，譬如位于土耳其中部的恰塔霍裕克（çatalhöyük）和约旦的加扎勒泉（’Ain Ghazal）。但考古学家相信这些定居点并非真正意义上的城镇，因为它们缺乏存在公共建筑、稳固的社会阶层以及劳动分工的证据（Balter 1998；Simmons et al. 1988）。
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219 Eurasian trade in ideas: Examples lifted from Teresi 2002.
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219 泛美高速公路：巴拿马和哥伦比亚之间没有公路的空白地段一度规模甚巨，现在已经缩小到了五十英里左右。尽管如此，路况还是极其糟糕，连《孤独星球》旅游指南对泛美高速公路的描述都是“更多是个概念，而不是一条真正的线路”。
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221 Atacama as model for Mars: Navallo-Gonzfilez et al. 2003.
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221 Pizarro’s pilot’s advice: Quoted in Thomson 2003
:139.
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221 Possible Paleo-Indian routes to coast: Arriaza 2001.
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221 Two Science reports: Sandweiss et al. 1998; Keefer et al. 1998; deFrance et al. 200x. See also, Pringle 1998b; Wilford 1998a.
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222 Different early adaptations: A fine summary is provided in Moseley 2001
:91-100.
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222 First finding of mummies: Max Uhle found the same mummies but didn’t further excavate there (Uhle 1917). I am grateful to the librarians at Pontificia Universidad Cató1ica del Peril who hunted down this article for me.
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223 Chinchorro diet: Aufderheide and Allison 1995. My thanks to Joshua D’Aluisio-Guerreri for helping me obtain this article.
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223 Chinchorro mummies: Arriaza 1995 (1983 find, chap. 2); Allison 1985; Pringle 1998a.
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223 Anemia in child mummies: Focacci and Chacón 1989.
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223 Tapeworm eggs Reinhard and Urban 2003.
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225 Import of Norte Chico: Author’s Interviews, Haas, Creamer, Ruiz, Mike Moseley. Haas and Creamer 2004 (“The complex of sites,”36); Haas, Creamer, and Ruiz, 2004.
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226 Aspero: Wiuey and Corbett 1954 (“knolls,”254); Moseley and Willey 1973 (“excellent, if embarrassing,”“temple-type,”455); Feldman 1985; 1980
:246 (rejecting older dates), cited in Haas, Creamer, and Ruiz, 2004.
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226 Caral: Shady Solis, Haas, and Creamer 2001; Shady Solis and Leyva eds. 2003; Shady Solis, pers. comm. See also, Pringle 200x; Sandweiss and Moseley 2001; Fountain 200l; Bower 2001; Ross 2002.
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228 Dating of other Norte Chico sites: Haas, Creamer, and Ruiz 2004.
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228 Egypt: For dates and sizes I have relied on Algaze 1993 and Spence 2000 (which dates construction on the Great Pyramid of Khufu to begin in 2485-75 B.C.).
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228 Invention of government: Author’s interviews, Haas, Petersen; Haas, Creamer, and Ruiz 2004.
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230 Cotton domestication: Sauer 1993.
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230 Cotton in Europe and the Andes: Braudel 1981-84 (vol. 1)
:325-27; (vol. 2)
:178-80 (bans, prostitutes), 312-13; Murra 1964.
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231 MFAC hypothesis: Moseley 2005, 1975b. See the critiques in Wilson 1981, Raymond 1981.
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