1706316945
336 Beginning of Kaan: Folan et al. 1995
:325-30 (discussion of chronology).
1706316946
1706316947
336 有关玛雅国家组织的观点：Fox 1996。在大量小规模城邦论的早期支持者中，最突出的是Morley（Morley 1946
:50，159-61）。在最近一段时间里，诸如Peter Mathews（1991）、Stephen Houston（1993）、Nicholas Dunning（1992）、William Sanders and David Webster（1988）等杰出的玛雅研究学家都接受了这个观点。据我所知，在对该假说持异议的学者之中，被引述最广的是乔伊斯·马库斯（Joyce Marcus）。马库斯在几篇著作中（譬如Marcus 1973）认为，玛雅共有四个占据统治地位的中心城邦。Martin and Grube（1996）未曾发表但传播甚广的一篇分析改变了很多人的想法（另见Grube and Martin 1998）。感谢格鲁伯教授把这两篇文章寄给了我。在对其观点的诸多摘要之中，最易懂的是Martin and Grube 2000
:17-21。
1706316948
1706316949
336 Semblance of empire: This is a revamped version of a sentence in Chase,Grube, and Chase 1991:1.
1706316950
1706316951
336 Decipherment of y-ahaw: Usually credited to Houston and Mathews 1985
:27; Bricker 1986
:70.
1706316952
1706316953
336 “The political landscape”: Martin and Grube 2000
:21. Martin’s comparison of the Maya to the Greeks comes from interviews and email.
1706316954
1706316955
336 Sky Witness: Martin and Grube 2000
:90-92, 102-04.
1706316956
1706316957
336 Mutal size and population: Adams and Jones 1981
:318-19; Culbert et al. 1990 (arguing for 425,000 as total size).
1706316958
1706316959
337 Possible motives for Kaan-Mutal war: Fahsen 2003 (trade routes); Harrison 1999
:121 (commerce, dynasty); Grube, pers. comm. (ideology).
1706316960
1706316961
337 Landscape alteration: The literature is vast. Examples include Darch 1988; Dunning et al. 2002; Fedick and Ford 1990; Gunn et al. 2002 (“geochemically hostile,”313); Scarborough and Gallopin 1991; Sluyter 1994. See also, Scarborough 2003.
1706316962
1706316963
338 Oxwitza’ (Caracol): Chase and Chase 2001, 1996, I994 (population, 5).
1706316964
1706316965
338 对穆塔的星际战争攻势：Harrison 1999
:122；Houston 1991；Freidel 1993。彻斯夫妇（the Chases）对卡安的角色持怀疑态度：他们既认为卡安与卡拉考相距太远，又对马丁与格鲁伯的翻译将信将疑（Chase and Chase 2000
:63）。
1706316966
1706316967
339 Maya way of conquest: Grube and Martin 1998.
1706316968
1706316969
340 Dos Pilas: Guenter 2003; Fahsen 2003. Previous attempts at decipherment include Boot 2002a, 2002b; better readings of the glyphs led to corrections. See also, Guenter 2002; Williams 2002.
1706316970
1706316971
340 Stairway quotes: Guenter 2002:39 (flint), 27 (skull).
1706316972
1706316973
344 Morley’s tally of dates: Morley 1946
:64. Updated in Sidrys and Berger 1979; Hamblin and Pitcher 1980. I use Sidrys and Berger. A few hard-to-read inscriptions might have been set down as late as 928.
1706316974
1706316975
344 Four lines of evidence: Robichaux 2002 (waterflow evidence); Gill 2000 (ethnohistorical [Gill also uses many other types of data]; “starvation and thirst,”I); Curtis, Hodell, and Brenner I996 (oxygen data; “driest intervals,”45); Haug et al. 2003 (titanium).
1706316976
1706316977
344 北部地区反常的幸存：Dahlin 2002（“如何以及为何”，327）；Robichaux 2002。玛雅人同时也向西逃往了危地马拉干旱的太平洋沿岸地区。他们在那里不仅度过了干旱期，还取得了中兴。我在主要的记述中之所以并未涉及这些西部城镇，纯粹是为了简洁明了的叙事。
1706316978
1706316979
345 Chichén Itzá: Milbrath and Peraza Lope 2003.
1706316980
1706316981
9. 亚马孙河流域
1706316982
1706316983
349 Orellana’s expedition: The main sources are collected in Heaton ed. 1934 (“by God,”262).The best histories of the expedition that I have come across are Smith 1990
:chap. 2; Hemming 1987
:185-94. Still enjoyable to read, though dated, is Prescott 2000 (“Not a bark,”1075).
1706316984
1706316985
349 Orellana’s betrayal: The case for the prosecution is summed up in Means 1934. For Pizarro’s reaction, see letter, Pizarro, G., to king, 3 Sept. 1542, in Heaton 1934
:245-51 (“the greatest cruelty,”248).
1706316986
1706316987
351 “We were eating”: Heaton ed. 1934
:408.
1706316988
1706316989
351 Angry hives: I have borrowed the simile from Smith 1990
:68. The next two sentences are essentially reworkings of his sentences.
1706316990
1706316991
351 Carvajal on populousness, Tapajós attacks: Heaton I934 ( “farther we went,”202;“all inhabited,”“five leagues,”198; “numerous and very large,”200; “Inland,”216; “more than twenty,”203).
1706316992
1706316993
351 Carvajal publication: Medina ed. 1894.
1706316994
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.706316945e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]