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367 138 crops: Clement 1999a, 1999b.
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368 拿石斧和钢斧做实验：Carneiro 1979a，1979b；Hill and Kaplan 1989（硬木与软木之间的差别）。没错，卡内罗（Carneiro）的工人没有使用石斧的经验；不恰当的说，人们可以假定这放大了其低效性。但卡内罗同样也没有把获取石块（通常是在很远的地方）、制作斧头和保持其锋利度所消耗的大量时间计算在内。也有人建议过用环切机，但用它砍树也极为费时。
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368 Three years: Beckerman 1987. I thank Prof. Brush for helping me get this book.
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368 Yanomamo history: Author’s interviews, Balée, Petersen, Chagnon.
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368 雅诺马马人和钢制工具：笔者的访谈，弗格森；Ferguson 1998（生活方式的改变，291-97），1995；Colchester 1984（17世纪的改变，308-10）。弗格森的论点存疑。这部分原因是由于它低估了雅诺马马人战事的远古性质（笔者的访谈，詹姆斯·彼得森）。
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368 关于给雅诺马马人送礼的争议：Tierney 2000公布并加重了这些以及其它的相关指控。蒂尔尼对此事加重了当地疫情的指控似乎已遭驳斥（见112页的注释），但相关的学术热议掩盖了对不受控制的，以石制工具为礼的行为的讨论（Mann 2001，2000a）。
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369 Absence of slash-and-burn in North America: Doolittle 2000
:174-90 (“gossamer,”I86; “once fields,”I89)
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369 对滥砍滥伐现象起到推动作用的小规模刀耕火种：笔者的访谈，克莱门特，费恩赛德（Fearnside）；Fearnside 2001。费恩赛德的数据比Hadley and Lanly 1983的估值要低，后者认为55%的全美洲热带森林砍伐都要归咎于刀耕火种。
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369 Nutrient loss: Hölscher 1997. I thank Beata Madari for giving a copy of this article to me.
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371 Western Amazon: Author’s visits; author’s interviews, Alvarez, Calla, Clement, Erickson, Hecht, Ranzi, Rioja, Schaan, Stahl, Walker; Erickson 2010; Franca et al. 2010; Saunaluoma 2010; Pärssinen, M., et al. 2009; Schaan et al. 2008; Walker 2008. Portions of this section appeared in Mann 2008.
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378 Meggers survey: Meggers et al. 1988; Meggers 1996
:183-87.
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378 亚马孙中部地带的考古：笔者的访谈，巴尔托，黑肯伯格，内维斯，彼得森；Heckenberger，Petersen，and Neves 2004；Neves et al. 2004；Mann 2002a。我按Stuiver et al. 1988的校准，把未经校准的碳年代做了转换。此处讨论的遗址与其所有者同名，称为哈塔哈拉（Hatahara）。
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379 Rainfall and canopy: Brandt 1988.
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379 Importance of agroforestry: Interviews, Clement. See also, Denevan 2001
:69-70, 83-90, 126-27; Posey 1984; Herrera 1992.
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380 Bluffs as preferred sites: Denevan 1996.
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380 More than half are trees: Clement 1998 (80 percent); 1999a
:199. I am grateful to Dr. Clement for sending me copies of his work.
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381 Uses of peach palm: Interviews, Clement; Mora-Urpi, Weber, and Clement 1997 (“only their wives,”quoted on 19); Clement and Mora-Urpi 1987 (yield); Denevan 2001:77 (saws).
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381 Domestication of peach palm: Clement 1995, 1992., 1988.
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381 Agricultural regression and fallows forests: Balée 2003 (“These old forests,”282.); 1994.
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382 Anthropogenic forests: Interviews, Balée, Clement, Erickson, Nigel Smith, Stahl, Woods; Balée I998; 1989 (11.8 percent, 14); Erickson 1999 (I am grateful to Prof. Erickson for sending me a copy of thispaper); Smith 1995; Stahl 2002, 1996.
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385 “Gift from the past”: I have lifted this phrase from the title of Petersen, Neves, and Heckenberger 2001.
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385 印第安黑土：下述段落多源于杰出的Lehmann et al. eds. 2003；Glaser and Woods eds. 2004；Petersen，Neves，and Heckenberger 2001。通俗版本见Mann 2002b，2000b。Lehmann et al.认为从科学角度来说，ADE（亚马孙黑土）是较terra preta（印第安黑土）更为妥帖的称呼。为了避免简称，我在本书中使用的是后者。
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385 Terra preta valued: Smith 1980
:562 Smith’s fine early article on terra preta was largely ignored on publication—“I got two reprint requests for that article,”he told me. “Nobody was ready to hearit.”
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385 Terra preta distribution estimates: Author’s interviews, Woods, Wim Sombroek; Sombroek et al. 2004
:130 (.1-.3 percent); Kern et al. 2004
:52-53 (terra preta sites every five kilometers along tributaries).
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