1706317082
1706317083
371 Western Amazon: Author’s visits; author’s interviews, Alvarez, Calla, Clement, Erickson, Hecht, Ranzi, Rioja, Schaan, Stahl, Walker; Erickson 2010; Franca et al. 2010; Saunaluoma 2010; Pärssinen, M., et al. 2009; Schaan et al. 2008; Walker 2008. Portions of this section appeared in Mann 2008.
1706317084
1706317085
378 Meggers survey: Meggers et al. 1988; Meggers 1996
:183-87.
1706317086
1706317087
378 亚马孙中部地带的考古：笔者的访谈，巴尔托，黑肯伯格，内维斯，彼得森；Heckenberger，Petersen，and Neves 2004；Neves et al. 2004；Mann 2002a。我按Stuiver et al. 1988的校准，把未经校准的碳年代做了转换。此处讨论的遗址与其所有者同名，称为哈塔哈拉（Hatahara）。
1706317088
1706317089
379 Rainfall and canopy: Brandt 1988.
1706317090
1706317091
379 Importance of agroforestry: Interviews, Clement. See also, Denevan 2001
:69-70, 83-90, 126-27; Posey 1984; Herrera 1992.
1706317092
1706317093
380 Bluffs as preferred sites: Denevan 1996.
1706317094
1706317095
380 More than half are trees: Clement 1998 (80 percent); 1999a
:199. I am grateful to Dr. Clement for sending me copies of his work.
1706317096
1706317097
381 Uses of peach palm: Interviews, Clement; Mora-Urpi, Weber, and Clement 1997 (“only their wives,”quoted on 19); Clement and Mora-Urpi 1987 (yield); Denevan 2001:77 (saws).
1706317098
1706317099
381 Domestication of peach palm: Clement 1995, 1992., 1988.
1706317100
1706317101
381 Agricultural regression and fallows forests: Balée 2003 (“These old forests,”282.); 1994.
1706317102
1706317103
382 Anthropogenic forests: Interviews, Balée, Clement, Erickson, Nigel Smith, Stahl, Woods; Balée I998; 1989 (11.8 percent, 14); Erickson 1999 (I am grateful to Prof. Erickson for sending me a copy of thispaper); Smith 1995; Stahl 2002, 1996.
1706317104
1706317105
385 “Gift from the past”: I have lifted this phrase from the title of Petersen, Neves, and Heckenberger 2001.
1706317106
1706317107
385 印第安黑土：下述段落多源于杰出的Lehmann et al. eds. 2003；Glaser and Woods eds. 2004；Petersen，Neves，and Heckenberger 2001。通俗版本见Mann 2002b，2000b。Lehmann et al.认为从科学角度来说，ADE（亚马孙黑土）是较terra preta（印第安黑土）更为妥帖的称呼。为了避免简称，我在本书中使用的是后者。
1706317108
1706317109
385 Terra preta valued: Smith 1980
:562 Smith’s fine early article on terra preta was largely ignored on publication—“I got two reprint requests for that article,”he told me. “Nobody was ready to hearit.”
1706317110
1706317111
385 Terra preta distribution estimates: Author’s interviews, Woods, Wim Sombroek; Sombroek et al. 2004
:130 (.1-.3 percent); Kern et al. 2004
:52-53 (terra preta sites every five kilometers along tributaries).
1706317112
1706317113
385 玛雅中心地区：玛雅中心地区（从危地马拉的佩藤地区和伯利兹北部到墨西哥的坎佩切南部和金塔纳罗奥）覆盖了大约15 000平方英里的面积，其中三分之一或是二分之一都用于农业种植。
1706317114
1706317115
386 Charcoal: Glaser, Guggenberger, and Zech 2004; Glaser, Lehmann, and Zech 2002. My thanks to Prof. Glaser for giving me a copy of these articles.
1706317116
1706317117
386 Microbial activity: Author’s interview, Janice Theis; Theis and Suzuki 2004; O’Neill et al. 2009; Grossman et al. 2010.
1706317118
1706317119
386 Charcoal and global warming: Author’s interview, Ogawa; Okimori, Ogawa, and Takahashi 2003.
1706317120
1706317121
386 Kayapó: Author’s interviews, Hecht; Hecht 2004 (“low-biomass,”“cool,”362-63; “To live,”364). I am indebted to Prof. Hecht for several fascinating discussions.
1706317122
1706317123
387 Terra preta experiments: Author’s interview, Steiner; Steiner, Teixeira, and Zech 2004.
1706317124
1706317125
387 Río Negro site: Author’s interviews, Bartone, Neves, Petersen; Heckenberger, Petersen, and Neves 2004, 1999.
1706317126
1706317127
387 Timing of terra preta at plantation: Neves et al. 2004
:table 9.2.
1706317128
1706317129
389 Xingu and black earth: Heckenberger et al. 2003 (“regional plan,”“bridges,”1711; “built environment,”1713). For criticism, see Meggers 2003.
1706317130
1706317131
390 Santarém terra preta: Interviews, Woods, Sombroek; author’s visit; Kern et al. 2004.
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.706317082e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]