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1706317161
396 Seneca and pigeon: Harris 1903
:449-51.
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397 “living, pulsing”: French 1919:1.
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1706317165
397 Leopold and monument: Leopold 1968.
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1706317167
397 Mast competition, lack of passenger pigeons: Interview, Neumann, Woods; Neumann 2002
:158-64, 169-72; Herrmann and Woods 2003 (I thank Prof.Woods for giving me a copy of this paper).
1706317168
1706317169
399 Seton’s estimate: Seton 1929 (vol. 3)
:654-56. See, in general, Krech 1999
:chap. 5.
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1706317171
399 Lott’s and other modern estimates of abundance: Lott 2002
:69-76 (“primitive America,”76); Flores I997; 1991 (“perhaps”twenty-eight to thirty million, 471); Weber 200l (“more likely”twenty to forty-four million). Shaw (1995) and Geist (1998) suggested the number should be ten to fifteen million.
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401 Inka tree farms: Daniel W. Gade, pers. comm.
1706317174
1706317175
401 De Soto never saw bison: Crosby I986
:213.
1706317176
1706317177
401 La Salle’s buffalo: Parkman 1983 (vo1.1)
:765.
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1706317179
401 “post-Columbian abundance”: Geist I998
:62-63.
1706317180
1706317181
402 Elk begin to appear: Kay 1995.
1706317182
1706317183
402 California: Preston 2002 (Drake, rag).
1706317184
1706317185
403 “The virgin forest”: Pyne 1982
:46-47.See also, Jennings 1975
:30.
1706317186
1706317187
403 “artificial wilderness”: I borrow the phrase from Callicott and Nelson eds.1998
:11.
1706317188
1706317189
403 More“forest primeval”in nineteenth century: Denevan 1992a
:377-81 (“pristine myth”article).
1706317190
1706317191
406 Cronon, academic brouhaha: Cronon 1995a, 1995b; Soulfi and Lease eds. 1995; Callicott and Nelson eds. 1998 (“Euro-American men,”2). An abridged version of Cronon 1996b appeared in the New York Times Sunday Magazine, 13 Aug. 1995.
1706317192
1706317193
407 Making gardens: Janzen 1998.
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1706317195
407 Creating future environments: I have borrowed the phrase and the thought from McCann 1999a:3.
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1706317197
11. 和平大律法
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411 Nabokov in New York: Boyd 1991
:11-12.
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412 豪德诺索尼人的早期历史，德甘纳威达的故事：Fenton 1998；snow 1994
:58-65；Hertzberg 1966。德甘纳威达的“结巴”或许表明他来自于一个使用阿尔冈琴语的群体；豪德诺索尼人把阿尔冈琴语的发音方式认作口吃。一些阿尔冈琴族学者相信，德甘纳威达把本族的政治文化知识传播给了豪德诺索尼人。按照这种观点来看，豪德诺索尼人被视为相对后来的外人。
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1706317203
413 Rules of operation: Tooker 1988
:312-27. The basic source is Morgan 1901
:77ff.
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414 Checks and balances: Grinde 1992
:235-40; Tehanetorens 1971“especially important,”sec. 93; impeachment grounds and procedures, secs. 19-25, 39 (“warnings,”sec. 19); rights of individuals and nations, secs. 93-98). A modern translat.ion is online at http://www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx, edu/html/greatlaw.html.
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415 “they will not conclude”: Williams 1936
:201.
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415 易洛魁女性：Wagner 2001；Parker 1911
:252-53（“在男性面前以请愿者身份出现，恳求获取政治权利的当代美国女性可曾想过，生活在五百年前的纽约州的红皮肤女人有着比她们多得多的政治权利，也享受着比二十世纪文明下的女性要大得多的自由度吗？”）。感谢罗伯特·克里斯帮我拿到了这篇文章。
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