打字猴:1.706318997e+09
1706318997 [16]The Seventh Crusade,1244-1254:Sources and Documents ,ed. and trans. Peter Jackson,Aldershot,2007,p.139.
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1706318999 [17] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.112.
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1706319001 [18] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.115.
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1706319003 [19] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.115.
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1706319005 [20] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.116.
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1706319007 [21] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.118.
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1706319009 [22] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.118.
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1706319011 [23]Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth century:The Rothelin Continuum of the History of William of Tyre with Part of the Eracles of Acre Text ,ed. and trans. Janet Shirley,Aldershot,1999,p.95.
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1706319013 [24]The Seventh Crusader ,p.144.
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1706319015 [25]Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth century:The Rothelin Continuum of the History of William of Tyre with Part of the Eracles of Acre Text ,ed. and trans. Janet Shirley,Aldershot,1999,p.96
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1706319017 [26] 又名维京阔斧,长度由最短的0.9米到最长的2米,是中世纪欧洲最常见的兵器之一。
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1706319019 [27]Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth century:The Rothelin Continuum of the History of William of Tyre with Part of the Eracles of Acre Text ,ed. and trans. Janet Shirley,Aldershot,1999,p.96.
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1706319021 [28]The Seventh Crusade,1244-1254:Sources and Documents ,ed. and trans. Peter Jackson,Aldershot,2007,p.144.
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1706319023 [29]The Seventh Crusade,1244-1254:Sources and Documents ,ed. and trans. Peter Jackson,Aldershot,2007,p.145.
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1706319025 [30]Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth century:The Rothelin Continuum of the History of William of Tyre with Part of the Eracles of Acre Text ,ed. and trans. Janet Shirley,Aldershot,1999,p.97.
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1706319027 [31] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,pp.120-2.
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1706319029 [32] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.124.
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1706319031 [33] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.126.
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1706319033 [34] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.128.
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1706319035 [35] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.130.
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1706319037 [36] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.132.
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1706319039 [37] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.158.
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1706319041 [38] 亦称“封斋节”,是基督教的斋戒节期,指的是从耶稣受难前40天的“圣灰星期三”(Ash Wednesday),到受难日的前一天“圣星期四”(Holy Thursday)这一段时间。
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1706319043 [39] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.160.
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1706319045 [40] 原文“baber”原义为“理发师”,但实际上在当时的军营里,理发师还兼任外科医生。1215年举行的第十届拉特兰大公会议裁定“任何从事外科手术的牧师不得担任教会的高级职位”。这个决定推翻了已经实行400年的敕令,该敕令由查理大帝颁布执行,规定所有修道院和教堂的下设医疗机构只能聘用牧师。自此,僧侣们将外科手术和修剪须发等服务都转移给地方上那些帮人们刮胡子的理发师,后者已经掌握使用手术刀和剪刀的技巧。
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