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晚上11点,人群聚集在唐宁街,想要知道德国人是否接受了英国的最后通牒。在白厅街,当宣战的消息传到大街上时,民众大声欢呼,情绪激昂。他们离开了唐宁街,聚集在陆军部前,在那里,爱国游行一直持续到凌晨。[343]不仅仅是民众认为战争是正确和正义的。四天前,时任剑桥大学三一学院教员的伯特兰·罗素开始收集签名,准备在《曼彻斯特卫报》上发表一份声明,以表达对战争的反对。他告诉奥托林·莫雷尔(Ottoline Morrell)夫人:“所有人都认为这是愚蠢的,是非常不得人心的。”[344]他回忆道:“但到了宣战那天,几乎所有的人都改变了主意。”[345]
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8月5日中午12点15分,英国外交部发表了一份正式声明,声称由于政府要求尊重比利时中立地位的请求遭到“断然拒绝,从8月4日晚上11点起,英国和德国将处于战争状态”。当大本钟在午夜敲响的时候,虽然还没有正式确认英国处于战争状态,但是,“人群中爆发出一阵巨大的欢呼声,回荡了将近20分钟。人们内心激动,庄严肃穆地唱起了国歌,这表明民众在对待眼前的重大问题时严肃认真并具有责任感”。[346]
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凝视上帝:大战中的英国 [1] G&T:British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898-1914,Vol.XI,edited by G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (HMSO,1926).,p.12
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[2] G&T:British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898-1914,Vol.XI,edited by G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (HMSO,1926).,p.12
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[3] 乔治五世酷爱集邮,他在邮票目录中标记这个事件,是为了收集与该事件有关的邮票。——译注
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[4] RA GV/PRIV/GVD/1914:28 June.
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[5] G&T:British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898-1914,Vol.XI,edited by G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (HMSO,1926).,p.13.
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[6]The Times,29 June 1914,p.8.
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[7] G&T:British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898-1914,Vol.XI,edited by G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (HMSO,1926).,p.28.
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[8] G&T:British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898-1914,Vol.XI,edited by G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (HMSO,1926).,p.28.
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[9] See Heffer,AD:The Age of Decadence:Britain 1880 to 1914,by Simon Heffer (Random House,2017).,p.768ff.
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[10] Hansard,Vol.64 col. 214.
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[11] Hansard,Vol.64,col. 215
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[12] Hansard,Vol.64,col. 216.
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[13] G&T:British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898-1914,Vol.XI,edited by G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (HMSO,1926).,p.17.
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[14] G&T:British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898-1914,Vol.XI,edited by G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (HMSO,1926).,p.15.
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[15]The Times,1 July 1914,p.11.
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[16] G&T:British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898-1914,Vol.XI,edited by G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (HMSO,1926).,p.18.
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[17] G&T:British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898-1914,Vol.XI,edited by G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (HMSO,1926).,p.18.
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[18] G&T:British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898-1914,Vol.XI,edited by G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (HMSO,1926).,p.18.
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[19] G&T:British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898-1914,Vol.XI,edited by G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (HMSO,1926).,p.28.
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[20] G&T:British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898-1914,Vol.XI,edited by G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (HMSO,1926).,p.21.
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[21] G&T:British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898-1914,Vol.XI,edited by G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (HMSO,1926).,p.422.
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[22] 在协约国集团中,仅仅法俄是军事同盟,两国在1891年同意,一旦发生战争,便会互相协助;英国仍然为自己保留了采取军事行动的自由。——译注
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[23] Clark:The Sleepwalkers:How Europe went to War in 1914,by Christopher Clark (Allen Lane,2012).,p.420.
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