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[17] Quoted in Richard Rodger,‘Employment,Wages and Poverty in the Scottish Cities 1841-1914’,in George Gordon,ed.,Perspectives of the Scottish City(Aberdeen,1985),p. 27.
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[18] Quoted in Richard Rodger,‘Employment,Wages and Poverty in the Scottish Cities 1841-1914’,in George Gordon,ed.,Perspectives of the Scottish City(Aberdeen,1985),p. 49.
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[19] Quoted in‘Housing’,in D. Daiches,ed.,A Companion to Scottish Culture(London,1981),p. 171.
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[20] Ann McGuckin,‘Moving Stories:Working Class Women’,in E. Breitenbach and E. Gordon,eds,Out of Bounds:Women in Scottish Society 1800-1945(Edinburgh,1992),p. 204.
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[21] Quoted in Richard Rodger,‘Urbanisation in Twentieth-Century Scotland’,in T. M. Devine and R. J. Finlay,eds,Scotland in the Twentieth Century(Edinburgh,1996),pp. 142-3.
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[22] Annette Carruthers,ed.,The Scottish Home(Edinburgh,1996),p. 81.
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[23] Annette Carruthers,ed.,The Scottish Home(Edinburgh,1996),p. 81.
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[24]The Scotsman,22 May 1850.
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[25] Quoted in Elspeth King,‘Popular Culture in Glasgow’,in R. A. Cage,ed.,The Working Class in Glasgow,1750-1914(London,1987),p. 161.
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[26] Brian Harrison,‘Pubs’,in H. J. Dyos and M. Wolff,eds,The Victorian City,Volume Ⅰ(London,1973),p. 171.
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[27] Shadow,Midnight Scenes and Social Photographs being Sketches of Life in the Streets,Wynds and Dens of the City(Glasgow,1858),p. 85.
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[28] Quoted in Andrew L. Drummond and James Bulloch,The Church in Victorian Scotland 1843-1874(Edinburgh,1975),p. 25.
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[29] Fraser and Maver,eds,Glasgow p. 328.
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[30] W. H. Fraser,‘Developments in Leisure’,in W. H. Fraser and R. J. Morris,eds,People and Society in Scotland,Volume Ⅱ,1830-1914(Edinburgh,1990),p. 243.
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[31] Harrison,‘Pubs’,p. 170.
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[32]Glasgow Observer,31 December 1892.
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[33] 沃尔弗里德修士的本名是安德鲁·凯林斯(Andrew Kerins,爱尔兰语写作Aindreas Ó Céirín),在1864年作为教师加入圣母小昆仲会,1870年代从爱尔兰来到苏格兰。他在1888年提议创建了凯尔特人足球俱乐部,即今天苏格兰足球超级联赛传统强队之一格拉斯哥的凯尔特人队。
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[34] Callum G. Brown,‘Popular Culture and the Continuing Struggle for Rational Recreation’,in T. M. Devine and R. J. Finlay,eds,Scotland in the Twentieth Century(Edinburgh,1996),p. 214.
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[35] Bill Murray,The Old Firm(Edinburgh,1984),p. 41.
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[36] Quoted in Bill Murray,The Old Firm(Edinburgh,1984),p. 27.
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苏格兰民族:一部近代史 第十六章 宗教与社会
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在19世纪工业化、城镇化快速发展的苏格兰社会,宗教信仰的实践及其影响究竟如何,这一问题在学界引起了不少争议。直到最近,欧洲各地的历史学家和社会学家都大体同意,这一时期欧洲经济的革命性变化令传统的宗教信仰与归属意识大为减弱。近代欧洲日趋科学化与技术化的思考方式逐渐瓦解了人们对传统信仰的坚持,城镇化的惊人速度与规模也超出了由教堂和礼拜堂组成的传统宗教组织的承受范围。随着城市中产阶级的道德观念日益主导工人阶级的社会生活,后者与有组织宗教的关系也越发疏远。总而言之,在上述因素的作用下,近代欧洲社会变得越来越世俗。在实质上,这一学说也把到20世纪下半叶令世俗主义在诸多欧洲国家占据主导地位的宗教衰退归因于工业化与城镇化的进程。
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最近几十年以前,上述理论仍是大多数学者的共识。然而,在英国及其他国家,新一代历史学者与社会科学研究者对这种认识发起了强有力的冲击,对世俗化理论的一些关键要素提出了质疑。他们认为,这一时期教会信徒规模并未急剧萎缩,宗教伦理依旧影响着政治、教育、福利政策等各个方面,还帮助塑造了强有力的民族认同。即便世俗力量在这一时期的确开始动摇宗教的地位,这种影响也要到19世纪最末期才变得较为显著,而不是在之前几十年间的快速城镇化时代大行其道。
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