1706391941
17.E. A. Freeman, Ottoman Power in Europe (London, 1877), p.1; A.Oakes and R.B.Mowat, eds., The Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1918), p.177; N.Sousa, The Capitulatory Regime of Turkey (Baltimore, 1933), p.162.See also J.C.Hurewitz, “Ottoman Diplomacy and the European State System”, Middle East Journal, 15 (1961), pp.141-152.
1706391942
1706391943
18.Anon.(Lord JR), The Establishment of the Turkish Empire (London, 1828), p.27; R.G.Latham, The Ethnology of Europe(London, 1852), p.6; The Nationalities of Europe (London, 1863) vol.2 , p.69; E.Joy Morris, Notes of a Tour through Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Arabia Petraea to the Holy Land (Philadelphia, 1842), vol.2, p.48; Edith Durham, The Burden of the Balkans (London, 1905), p.104.
1706391944
1706391945
19.Ami Boue, op. cit. p.331; on the expulsion of Muslims from Balkan states, see A. Toumarkine, Les Migration des Populations Musulimanes Balkaniques en Anatolie (1876-1913) (Istabul, 1995), a useful source to set against the less balanced J. McCarthy, Death and Exile: the Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims(Princeton, 1995); on shrinking of Turkish usage, see B.Lory, “Parler le turc dans les Balkans ottomans au XIXe sièicle”, in F. Georgeon and P.Dumont, eds., Vivre dans l’empire Ottoman (Paris, 1997), pp.237-245; on destruction of monuments, see M.Kiel, Studies in the Ottoman Architecture of the Balkans (Variorum, 1990).
1706391946
1706391947
20.F.Moore, “the Changing Map of the Balkans”, The National Geographic Magazine (February, 1913), pp.199-226.
1706391948
1706391949
21.J. V. de la Roiere, Voyage en Orient (Paris, 1836), p.23; Trotsky, op.cit., p.272.
1706391950
1706391951
22.O.Halecki, The Limits and Divisions of European History (New York, 1962), pp.47, 77-78; Marriott, Eastern Question, p.3.
1706391952
1706391953
23.T. Zhivkov cited in M.Kiel, Art and Society of Bulgaria in the Turkish Period (Maastricht, 1985), p.34 n.1.
1706391954
1706391955
24.笔者感谢狄米垂·利凡尼奥(Dimitri Livanios)协助拟订这些议题。
1706391956
1706391957
第一章 土地和其居民
1706391958
1706391959
1.Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (London, 1972), vol. 1, pp. 25-53.
1706391960
1706391961
2.M. Newbigin, The Mediterranean Lands (London, 1924), p. 46; M. Adelaide Walker, Through Macedonia to the Albanian Lakes (London, 1864), p. 87.
1706391962
1706391963
3.A. J. Evans, Through Bosnia and the Hercegovina on Foot (London, 1877), p. 359; M. Djilas, Land without Justice:An Autobiography of His Youth (New York, 1958), p. 79.
1706391964
1706391965
4.A. Kinglake, Eothen (Oxford, 1982), p. 22.
1706391966
1706391967
5.M. von Tietz, St Petersburgh, Constaninople and Napoli di Romania in 1833 and 1834 (New York, 1836), p. 96.
1706391968
1706391969
6.H. F. Tozer, Researches in the Highlands of Turkey, vol. 1 (London, 1869), p. 382.
1706391970
1706391971
7.T. Stoianovich, Balkan Worlds
:The First and Last Europe (New York, 1994), p. 107.
1706391972
1706391973
8.M. Zdraveva, “The Menzil Service in Macedonia, Particularly around Bitolj, in the Period of Turkish Domination”, Etudes Balkaniques 2 (1995), pp. 82-88; J. A. Blanqui, Voyage en Bulgarie pendant l’année 1844 (Paris, 1845), pp. 102-103; Kinneir cited by H. F. Tozer, Researches, vol. 1, p. 150; Walker, Through Macedonia, p. 131; D. Warriner, ed. , Contrasts in Emerging Societies
:Readings in the Social and Economic History of South-Eastern Europe in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1965), p. 242; J. Baker, Turkey (New York, 1877), p. 389; the best study is B. Gounaris, Steam over Macedonia, 1870-1912
:Socio-Economic Change and the Railway Factor (Boulder, Co. , 1993), esp. pp. 71-74.
1706391974
1706391975
9.J. C. Wagner, Delineatio Provinciarum Pannoniae et Imperii Turcici in Oriente (Augsburg, 1684), pp. 119-120; R. Halsband ed. , The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, vol 1
:1708-1720 (Oxford, 1965), p. 340; K. Mihailovic (translated by B. Stulz), Memoirs of a Janissary (Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1975), p. 163; E. S. Forster, ed. , The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (Oxford, 1927), p. 108.
1706391976
1706391977
10.M. von Tietz, op. cit. ; J. K. Vasdravellis, Klephts, Armatoles and Pirates in Macedonia during the Rule of the Turks (1627-1821) (Thessaloniki, 1975), pp. 98-100.
1706391978
1706391979
11.Messager d’Athènes, June 9, 1925.
1706391980
1706391981
12.K. Karpat, Ottoman Population, 1830-1914 (Wisconsin, 1985), pp. 4-5, 22-23; J. Lampe and M. Jackson, Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950 (Bloomington, Ind. , 1982), p. 281; B. Ramberti, in L. Villari, The Republic of Ragusa:an Episode of the Turkish Conquest (London, 1904); W. Lithgow, Rare Adventures and Painefull Peregrinations (London, 1928 ed. , original ed. 1632), p. 105.
1706391982
1706391983
13.On returning Christians, H. Lowry, “The Island of Limnos:a Care Study on the Continuity of Byzantine Forms under Ottoman Rule”, in Lowry, Studies in Defterology (Istanbul, 1992), pp. 181-209.
1706391984
1706391985
14.The Negotiations of Sir Thomas Roe in His Embassy to the Ottoman Porte from the Year 1621 to 1628 Inclusive… (London, 1740), p. 427; K. Kostis, Ston kairo tis panolis (Heraklion, 1995); D. Panzac, La peste dans l’empire ottoman, 1700-1850 (Louvain, 1985), esp. pp. 64-66.
1706391986
1706391987
15.The best account is M. Todorova, “Les Balkans” in J. -P. Bardet and J. Dopaquier, eds, Histoire des Populations de l’Europe, vol. 2 (Paris, 1998), pp. 465-487; long-run population figures in C. McEvedy and R. Jones, Atlas of World Population History (London, 1978), pp. 19, 95-99, 110-115. On Balkan populations see also M. Palairet (for 19th century), The Balkans Economies, c. 1800-1914
:Evolution without Development (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 6-14; H. Inalcik and D. Quataert, eds. , An Economic and Social History of Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914 (Cambridge, 1994), p. 652; Royal Institute of International Affairs, Southeastern Europe (London, 1940), p. 85.
1706391988
1706391989
16.Warriner, Contrasts, p. 142; K. Hitchins, The Romanians, 1774-1866 (Oxford, 1996), p. 173.
1706391990
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