1706391968
1706391969
6.H. F. Tozer, Researches in the Highlands of Turkey, vol. 1 (London, 1869), p. 382.
1706391970
1706391971
7.T. Stoianovich, Balkan Worlds
:The First and Last Europe (New York, 1994), p. 107.
1706391972
1706391973
8.M. Zdraveva, “The Menzil Service in Macedonia, Particularly around Bitolj, in the Period of Turkish Domination”, Etudes Balkaniques 2 (1995), pp. 82-88; J. A. Blanqui, Voyage en Bulgarie pendant l’année 1844 (Paris, 1845), pp. 102-103; Kinneir cited by H. F. Tozer, Researches, vol. 1, p. 150; Walker, Through Macedonia, p. 131; D. Warriner, ed. , Contrasts in Emerging Societies
:Readings in the Social and Economic History of South-Eastern Europe in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1965), p. 242; J. Baker, Turkey (New York, 1877), p. 389; the best study is B. Gounaris, Steam over Macedonia, 1870-1912
:Socio-Economic Change and the Railway Factor (Boulder, Co. , 1993), esp. pp. 71-74.
1706391974
1706391975
9.J. C. Wagner, Delineatio Provinciarum Pannoniae et Imperii Turcici in Oriente (Augsburg, 1684), pp. 119-120; R. Halsband ed. , The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, vol 1
:1708-1720 (Oxford, 1965), p. 340; K. Mihailovic (translated by B. Stulz), Memoirs of a Janissary (Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1975), p. 163; E. S. Forster, ed. , The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (Oxford, 1927), p. 108.
1706391976
1706391977
10.M. von Tietz, op. cit. ; J. K. Vasdravellis, Klephts, Armatoles and Pirates in Macedonia during the Rule of the Turks (1627-1821) (Thessaloniki, 1975), pp. 98-100.
1706391978
1706391979
11.Messager d’Athènes, June 9, 1925.
1706391980
1706391981
12.K. Karpat, Ottoman Population, 1830-1914 (Wisconsin, 1985), pp. 4-5, 22-23; J. Lampe and M. Jackson, Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950 (Bloomington, Ind. , 1982), p. 281; B. Ramberti, in L. Villari, The Republic of Ragusa:an Episode of the Turkish Conquest (London, 1904); W. Lithgow, Rare Adventures and Painefull Peregrinations (London, 1928 ed. , original ed. 1632), p. 105.
1706391982
1706391983
13.On returning Christians, H. Lowry, “The Island of Limnos:a Care Study on the Continuity of Byzantine Forms under Ottoman Rule”, in Lowry, Studies in Defterology (Istanbul, 1992), pp. 181-209.
1706391984
1706391985
14.The Negotiations of Sir Thomas Roe in His Embassy to the Ottoman Porte from the Year 1621 to 1628 Inclusive… (London, 1740), p. 427; K. Kostis, Ston kairo tis panolis (Heraklion, 1995); D. Panzac, La peste dans l’empire ottoman, 1700-1850 (Louvain, 1985), esp. pp. 64-66.
1706391986
1706391987
15.The best account is M. Todorova, “Les Balkans” in J. -P. Bardet and J. Dopaquier, eds, Histoire des Populations de l’Europe, vol. 2 (Paris, 1998), pp. 465-487; long-run population figures in C. McEvedy and R. Jones, Atlas of World Population History (London, 1978), pp. 19, 95-99, 110-115. On Balkan populations see also M. Palairet (for 19th century), The Balkans Economies, c. 1800-1914
:Evolution without Development (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 6-14; H. Inalcik and D. Quataert, eds. , An Economic and Social History of Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914 (Cambridge, 1994), p. 652; Royal Institute of International Affairs, Southeastern Europe (London, 1940), p. 85.
1706391988
1706391989
16.Warriner, Contrasts, p. 142; K. Hitchins, The Romanians, 1774-1866 (Oxford, 1996), p. 173.
1706391990
1706391991
17.A. Wace and M. Thompson, The Nomads of the Balkans (London, 1914), p. 33.
1706391992
1706391993
18.A. Goff and H. A. Fawcett, Macedonia:A Plea for the Primitive, xiv-xv, p. 8.
1706391994
1706391995
19.My thanks to Heath Lowry for information about Ottoman clocks; also Stoianovich, Balkans Worlds, pp. 248-249; on Wallachian hovels, von Tietz, St Petersburg, p. 78.
1706391996
1706391997
20.T. Stoianovich, “Land Tenure and Related Sectors of the Balkan Economy”, in his Between East and West
:The Balkan and Mediterranean Worlds (New Rochelle, 1992)vol. 1, pp. 1-15; on Bulgarian huts, see H. Pernot, ed. , Voyage en Turquie et en Grece de Robert de Dreux (Paris, 1925), p. 95.
1706391998
1706391999
21.P. Sugar, “The Least Affected Social Group in the Ottoman Balkans
:the Peasantry”, in S. Vryonis, ed. , Byzantine Studies
:Essays on the Slavic World and Eleventh Century (New York, 1992), pp. 77-87.
1706392000
1706392001
22.B. McGowan, Economic Life in Ottoman Europe
:Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600-1800 (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 54-55.
1706392002
1706392003
23.S. Vryonis, “Byzantium and Islam
:Seventh-Seventeenth Century”, IX
:pp. 234-235, for Ottoman continuation of Byzantine land taxes; Inalcik and Quataert, ed. , Economic and Social History, p. 159.
1706392004
1706392005
24.Cited by S. Fisher-Galati, ed. , Man, State and Society in East European History (New York, 1970), p. 73.
1706392006
1706392007
25.See G. Veinstein, “On the Ciftlik Debate”, in C. Keydar and F. Tabak, eds. , Landholding and Commercial Agriculture in the Middle East (SUNY, New York, 1991), pp. 35-57; Stoianovich, “Balkan Peasants, Landlords and Ottoman State”, op. cit. pp. 15-39; Inalcik and Quataert, op. cit. , p. 45; for a Greek Christian case, see G. Veinstein, “Le patrimoine foncier de Panayote Benakis, Kocabasi de Kalamata”, in his Etat et société dans l’empire ottoman, XVIe-XVIIIe siècles (Variorum, 1994), III, pp. 211-233.
1706392008
1706392009
26.J. R. McNeill, The Mountains of the Mediterranean World: An Environmental History (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 89-90; M. E. Durham, Some Tribal Origins, Laws and Customs of the Balkans (London, 1928), p. 273.
1706392010
1706392011
27.B. Brue, Journal de la Campagne que le Grand Vezir Ali Pacha a faite en 1715 pour la Conquête de la Morée (Paris, 1870), p. 38; Cantemir quoted in Warriner, ed. , Contrasts, p. 128.
1706392012
1706392013
28.J. Koliopoulos, Brigands with a Cause (Oxford, 1987), p. 239; D. Urquhart, The Spirit of the East, Illustrated in a Journal of Travels through Roumeli during an Eventful Period (London, 1838), vol. 2, p. 150.
1706392014
1706392015
29.D. Urquhart, The Spirit of the East, ii, pp. 157, 162-163.
1706392016
1706392017
30.McGowan, Economic Life, p. 65; F. Adanir, “Tradition and Rural Change in Southeastern Europe during Ottoman Rule”, in D. Chirot (ed. ), The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe (Berkeley, 1989), p. 135.
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