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1706391999
21.P. Sugar, “The Least Affected Social Group in the Ottoman Balkans
:the Peasantry”, in S. Vryonis, ed. , Byzantine Studies
:Essays on the Slavic World and Eleventh Century (New York, 1992), pp. 77-87.
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1706392001
22.B. McGowan, Economic Life in Ottoman Europe
:Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600-1800 (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 54-55.
1706392002
1706392003
23.S. Vryonis, “Byzantium and Islam
:Seventh-Seventeenth Century”, IX
:pp. 234-235, for Ottoman continuation of Byzantine land taxes; Inalcik and Quataert, ed. , Economic and Social History, p. 159.
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24.Cited by S. Fisher-Galati, ed. , Man, State and Society in East European History (New York, 1970), p. 73.
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1706392007
25.See G. Veinstein, “On the Ciftlik Debate”, in C. Keydar and F. Tabak, eds. , Landholding and Commercial Agriculture in the Middle East (SUNY, New York, 1991), pp. 35-57; Stoianovich, “Balkan Peasants, Landlords and Ottoman State”, op. cit. pp. 15-39; Inalcik and Quataert, op. cit. , p. 45; for a Greek Christian case, see G. Veinstein, “Le patrimoine foncier de Panayote Benakis, Kocabasi de Kalamata”, in his Etat et société dans l’empire ottoman, XVIe-XVIIIe siècles (Variorum, 1994), III, pp. 211-233.
1706392008
1706392009
26.J. R. McNeill, The Mountains of the Mediterranean World: An Environmental History (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 89-90; M. E. Durham, Some Tribal Origins, Laws and Customs of the Balkans (London, 1928), p. 273.
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1706392011
27.B. Brue, Journal de la Campagne que le Grand Vezir Ali Pacha a faite en 1715 pour la Conquête de la Morée (Paris, 1870), p. 38; Cantemir quoted in Warriner, ed. , Contrasts, p. 128.
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1706392013
28.J. Koliopoulos, Brigands with a Cause (Oxford, 1987), p. 239; D. Urquhart, The Spirit of the East, Illustrated in a Journal of Travels through Roumeli during an Eventful Period (London, 1838), vol. 2, p. 150.
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1706392015
29.D. Urquhart, The Spirit of the East, ii, pp. 157, 162-163.
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1706392017
30.McGowan, Economic Life, p. 65; F. Adanir, “Tradition and Rural Change in Southeastern Europe during Ottoman Rule”, in D. Chirot (ed. ), The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe (Berkeley, 1989), p. 135.
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1706392019
31.Leake cited in Inalcik and Quataert, Economic and Social History, p. 689.
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1706392021
32.H. Lowry, “‘From Lesser Wars to the Mightiest War’
:the Ottoman Conquest and Transformation of Byzantine Urban Centers in the Fifteenth Century”, in Lowry, Studies in Defterology (Istanbul, 1992), pp. 47-65.
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1706392023
33.S. Vryonis, “Religious Change and Continuity in the Balkans and Anatolia from 14th through the 17th Century”, in Vryonis. ed. , Islam and Cultural Change in the Middle Ages (Wiesbaden, 1975), pp. 130-132.
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34.Cf. M. Kiel, Studies on the Ottoman Architecture of the Balkans (Variorum, 1990), introduction, and S. Curcic and E. Hadjitryphonos, eds. , Secular Medieval Architecture in the Balkans, 1300-1500 and Its Preservation (Thessaloniki, 1997). For population figures, see“Istanbul”, Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. . 4, pp. 226-246; other cities from J. de Vries, European Urbanization, 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 270-287; Lithgow, Rare Adventures, p. 179; R. Halsband, ed. The Complete Letters, vol 1. 1 p. 354.
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35.T. Stoianovich, “Model and Mirror of the Premodern Balkan City”in his Between East and West
:The Balkan and Mediterranean Worlds, vol. 2, (Economies and Societies) (New Rochelle, 1992), p. 108; see also his“the Conquering Balkan Orthodox Merchant”in ibid. , pp. 1-77.
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36.T. Stoianovich, Balkan Worlds, p. 75; The Negotiations of Sir Thomas Roe in His Embassy to the Ottoman Porte from the Year 1621 to 1628 Inclusive (London, 1740), p. 67; von Tietz, St Petersburgh, p. 79; J. J. Best, Excursions in Albania (London, 1842), p. 188; Warriner, ed. , Contrasts, p. 146; H. Andorov, ed. , British Documents on the History of the Macedonian People (Skopje, 1968), I, p. 287.
1706392030
1706392031
37.T. Stoianovich, “Balkan peasants and landlords”, p. 30.
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1706392033
38.Ibid, p. 38 n. 80; Evans, Through Bosnia, pp. 334-336.
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39.Blanqui in Warriner, Contrasts, pp. 216, 244; Smyth, Year with the Turk, p. 224.
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1706392037
40.J. K. Campbell, Honour, Family and Patronage (Oxford, 1964), p. 15.
1706392038
1706392039
41.R. Bicanic, How the People Live
:Life in the Passive Regions (Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. of Mass, Amherst, Sept. 1981), p. 52; Lampe and Jackson, Balkan Economic History, pp. 193-194; H. L. Roberts, Rumania
:Political Problems of an Agrarian State (New York, 1969 ed. ), pp. 3-9.
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1706392041
42.C. Bracewell, The Uskoks of Senj
:Piracy, Banditry and Holy War in the Sixteenth Century Adriatic (Ithaca N. Y. , 1992), p. 31; Djilas, Land without Justice, pp. 142, 201.
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1706392043
43.Warriner, Contrasts, p. 298; Palairet, Balkan Economies, p. 122; on the village, see N. Iorga, Etudes Byzantines (Bucharest, 1939), vol. 1 , p. 172.
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44.A. Hulme Beaman, Twenty Years in the Near East (London, 1898), p. 121.
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1706392047
45.Bicanic, How the People Live, pp. 121-123; K. Mandelbaum, The Industrialization of Backward Areas (Oxford, 1945), p. 2.
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