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1706392261
11.O. Janowsky, People at Bay
:The Jewish Problem in East-Central Europe (Oxford, 1938).
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1706392263
12.R. Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe (Washington, D. C. 1944), pp. 612, 626-627; A. Djilas, The Contested Country
:Yugoslav Unity and Communist Revolution, 1919-1953 (Harvard, 1991), ch. 4.
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1706392265
13.On Chetniks, see I. Banac, “Bosnian Muslims
:from Religious Community to Socialist Nationhood and Post-Communist Statehood, 1918-1922”, in M. Pinson, ed. , The Muslims of Bosnia Hercegovina (Harvard, 1994), pp. 142-143.
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1706392267
14.N. Malcolm, Kosovo
:A Short History (London, 1998), p. 312; J. Koliopoulos, Plundering of Loyalties
:World War II and Civil War in Greek West Macedonia (New York, 1999).
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1706392269
15.R. King, Minorities under Communism
:Nationalities as a Source of Tension among Balkan Communist States (Cambridge, 1973); P. Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav National Question (New York, 1968).
1706392270
1706392271
16.D. Mitrany, Marx Against the Peasant (Chapel Hill, NC, 1951), p. 118.
1706392272
1706392273
17.H. Tilman, Peasant Europe (London, 1937).
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1706392275
18.For a case study, see M. Mazower, Greece and the Interwar Economic Crisis (Oxford, 1991).
1706392276
1706392277
19.Hoare to Halifax, 5 July 1940, British Documents on Foreign Affairs, vol. 21, 23:5 (Bethesda, Ma. , 1998), ch. 5 no. 55. I am indebted to Kate Thiroff for this reference.
1706392278
1706392279
20.E. Barker, Truce in the Balkans (London, 1948), p. 255.
1706392280
1706392281
21.E. Barker, Truce in the Balkans (London, 1948), p. 255; H. Seton-Watson, The East European Revolution (London, 1954), pp. 254-255, 335, 388.
1706392282
1706392283
22.R. L. Wolff, The Balkans in Our Time (New York, 1978), ch. 14; M. E. Fischer, “Politics, Nationalism and Development in Romania”, in G. Augustinos, ed. , Diverse Path to Mondernity in Southeastern Europe (New York, 1991), p. 149.
1706392284
1706392285
23.E. Stillman, The Balkans (New York, 1966), p. 146; W. H. McNeill, The Metamorphosis of Greece since World War II (Oxford, 1978), p. 247.
1706392286
1706392287
24.F. Fejto, A History of the People’s Democracies (Harmondsworth, 1974), pp. 376-377.
1706392288
1706392289
25.J. Lampe, “Belated Modernization in Comparison
:Development in Yugoslavia and Bulgaria to 1948”, in Augustinos, ed. , Diverse Paths to Mondernity in Southeastern Europe (New York, 1991), pp. 32-45.
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1706392291
26.Cited in R. King, Minorities under Communism
:Nationalities as a Source of Tension among Balkan Communist States (Harvard, 1973), p. 21.
1706392292
1706392293
27.G. Stokes, From Stalinism to Pluralism
:A Documentary History of Eastern Europe since 1945 (New York, 1991), pp. 232-233; H. Poulton, The Balkans
:Minorities and States in Conflict (London, 1991), pp. 112-113, 126, 131, 153-165.
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后记 关于暴力的反思
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1.An Ottoman official cited in J. Mislin, Les Saints Lieux
:Pelerinage a Jerusalem, 3 vols. (Paris, 1876), vol. 1, p. 72.
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1706392299
2.Both quotes from Mark Levene“Introduction”to Levene and P. Roberts, eds. , The Massacre in History (New York, 1999), pp. 1-2.
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1706392301
3.A. J. Toynbee, The Western Question in Greece and Turkey (London, 1922), pp. 17-18.
1706392302
1706392303
4.“Verdict against SS-Untersturmfuehrer Max Taeubner, 24 May 1943”, E. Klee, W. Dressen and V. Riess, eds. , “Those Were the Days”
:The Holocaust as Seen by the Perpetrators and By-Standers (London, 1991), pp. 196-207; on rules of war, G. Best, Humanity in Warfare (Oxford, 1980); on the civilizing process, the classic work is N. Elias, The Civilising Process (Oxford, 1978).
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1706392305
5.Montaigne (translated by John Florio), “Of Crueltie” in The Essayes of Michael Lord of Montaigne (Oxford, 1906), ii
:134.
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1706392307
6.V. Gatrell, The Hanging Tree
:Execution and the English People, 1770-1868 (Oxford, 1994), p. 598; also T. Haskll, “Capitalism and the Origins of the Humanitarian Sensibility”, American Historical Review, 90, 2-3 (April/June, 1985), pp. 339-361 and 547-566. My thanks to Liz Lunbeck for this reference.
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1706392309
7.J. Gardner Wilkinson, Dalmatia and Montenegro (London, 1848), ii, pp. 80-82.
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