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26.Cited in R. King, Minorities under Communism
:Nationalities as a Source of Tension among Balkan Communist States (Harvard, 1973), p. 21.
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1706392293
27.G. Stokes, From Stalinism to Pluralism
:A Documentary History of Eastern Europe since 1945 (New York, 1991), pp. 232-233; H. Poulton, The Balkans
:Minorities and States in Conflict (London, 1991), pp. 112-113, 126, 131, 153-165.
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后记 关于暴力的反思
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1.An Ottoman official cited in J. Mislin, Les Saints Lieux
:Pelerinage a Jerusalem, 3 vols. (Paris, 1876), vol. 1, p. 72.
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2.Both quotes from Mark Levene“Introduction”to Levene and P. Roberts, eds. , The Massacre in History (New York, 1999), pp. 1-2.
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3.A. J. Toynbee, The Western Question in Greece and Turkey (London, 1922), pp. 17-18.
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4.“Verdict against SS-Untersturmfuehrer Max Taeubner, 24 May 1943”, E. Klee, W. Dressen and V. Riess, eds. , “Those Were the Days”
:The Holocaust as Seen by the Perpetrators and By-Standers (London, 1991), pp. 196-207; on rules of war, G. Best, Humanity in Warfare (Oxford, 1980); on the civilizing process, the classic work is N. Elias, The Civilising Process (Oxford, 1978).
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5.Montaigne (translated by John Florio), “Of Crueltie” in The Essayes of Michael Lord of Montaigne (Oxford, 1906), ii
:134.
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6.V. Gatrell, The Hanging Tree
:Execution and the English People, 1770-1868 (Oxford, 1994), p. 598; also T. Haskll, “Capitalism and the Origins of the Humanitarian Sensibility”, American Historical Review, 90, 2-3 (April/June, 1985), pp. 339-361 and 547-566. My thanks to Liz Lunbeck for this reference.
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1706392309
7.J. Gardner Wilkinson, Dalmatia and Montenegro (London, 1848), ii, pp. 80-82.
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8.P. P. Njegos, The Mountain Wreath (translated by V. Mihailovich) (Irving, Ca. , 1986), and also M. Sells, The Bridge Betrayed
:Religion and Genocide in Bosnia (UCLA, 1996), pp. 40-42. The Vladika’s brother and cousins had been decapitated by Turks in 1836 before suitably avenged four years later
:M. Aubin, Visions Historiques et Politiques dans l’Oeuvre Poetique de P. P. Njegos (Paris, 1972), pp. 175-178; on Turkish attitudes to dissection, see the memoirs of an American surgeon in Ottoman service, J. O. Noyes, Rumania
:the Borderland of the Christian and the Turk (New York, 1857), p. 263.
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9.Z. Milich, A Stranger’s Supper
:An Oral History of Centenarian Woman in Montenegro (New York, 1995), p. 47; G. Stokes, Politics as Development
:The Emergence of Political Parties in Nineteenth Century Serbia (Durham, NC, 1990), p. 147.
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10.See also C. Boehm, Blood Revenge
:The Anthropology of Feuding in Montenegro and Other Tribal Societies (Kansas, 1984).
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11.Daily Mirror, 10 November 1947; correspondence in PRO, FO 371/67011, R 15110, Norton-London, 12 November 1947; R 15227, Norton-London, 15 November 1947. I am greatly indebted to Polymeris Voglis for this information. J. Axtell and W. C. Sturtevant, “The Unkindest Cut, or Who Invented Scalping?”, William and Mary Quarterly, 37:3 (July, 1980), pp. 451-472.
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12.Figures from United Nations (G. Newman, ed. ), Global Report on Crime and Justice (New York, 1999); R. Hood, The Death Penalty:A World-Wide Perspective (Oxford, 1996), p. 74.
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13.On Njegos, Aubin, Visions Historiques, pp. 232-235.
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14.My thanks to Polymeris Voglis for this point. See also M. Ignatieff, Virtual War (London, 2000); on the Second War as a civil war, and forms of violence, see C. Pavone, Una Guerra Civile
:Saggio sulla moralita nella resistenza (Turin, 1991).
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巴尔干五百年：从拜占庭帝国灭亡到21世纪 进阶阅读指南
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通史读物：
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L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (1958; repring, New York, 1965; London, 2000).
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G. Castellan, History of the Balkans (New York, 1992).
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R. L. Wolff, The balkans in Our Time (New York, 1956; rev. ed. 1978).
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B. Jelavich, History of the Balkans, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1983).
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