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在西班牙,共和国总理内格林和内阁成员们知道,大部分国际纵队的志愿兵已被杀或负伤,世界各国的共产党已不再继续进行志愿兵的招募工作了。共和国政府决定碰碰运气,他们怀着一线希望,想要通过公开将国际人士撤出西班牙的方式向各民主国家施压,以此令他们向佛朗哥提出要求,让希特勒与墨索里尼将在西班牙的陆军和空军也撤走。在日内瓦国际联盟总部,内格林发表了一场激情澎湃的演讲,他公开宣布,国际纵队的全部成员都将退出战斗并离开西班牙。
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出于对下属军纪崩溃从而无法有秩序撤退的担忧,部分国际纵队的军官试图阻止消息向前线扩散——这显然是徒劳的。得知这一消息当天,阿尔瓦·贝西才刚被一架德国容克轰炸机扔下的炸弹形成的气浪掀翻在地。他和战友们知道,此时提出撤军并不是共和国在豪赌,依旧留在西班牙的筋疲力尽的国际纵队士兵本来也就剩几千人了。在依然身处西班牙的几百名美国人中,很多人都因负伤躺进了医院;还待在前线的只有80人左右。内格林宣布撤军决定的三天后,这批刚刚从国民军毁灭性的炮火攻击下混乱撤退的美国人也永远地离开了,他们踏上浮桥上粗糙的厚木板,最后一次跨过了埃布罗河。
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[1] Fischer,Louis. Men and Politics:An Autobiography. New York:Duell,Sloan and Pearce,1941.,pp.494,500.
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[2] Sheean,Vincent. Not Peace but a Sword. New York:Doubleday,Doran,1939.,pp.195-196.
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[3] Álvarez Alonso,José Antonio. Notas sobre el suministro de petroleo a la España nacional en la guerra civil(1936-1939). Madrid:Graficas Onofre Alonso,1970.,p.11.
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[4] Rieber to Arvilla,15 February 1938,CAMPSA archives,Madrid.此处感谢Guillem Martínez Molinos的帮助。
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[5] Brewster to Arvilla,22 March 1937,CAMPSA archives,Madrid,此处感谢Guillem Martínez Molinos的帮助;Arlon crew:“British Crew Bars Voyage,” New York Times,2 September 1937;Brewster to Arvilla,19 November 1937,CAMPSA archives,Madrid,此处感谢Guillem Martínez Molinos的帮助。
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[6] Angela Jackson,p.45,interview with Milton Wolff;Bessie,Alvah. Men in Battle:A Story of Americans in Spain. New York:Scribner’s,1939.,p.195.
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[7] Bessie,Alvah. Men in Battle:A Story of Americans in Spain. New York:Scribner’s,1939.,p.205.
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[8] Preston,Paul. The Spanish Civil War:Reaction,Revolution,and Revenge. New York:Norton,2006.,p.137.
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[9] Eby,Cecil D. Comrades and Commissars:The Lincoln Battalion in the Spanish Civil War. University Park,PA:Pennsylvania State University Press,2007.,p.393n.
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[10] 《华盛顿横渡特拉华河》是德国艺术家埃玛纽埃尔·洛伊茨于1851年创作的一幅油画,描绘了美国独立战争期间,1776年12月25日华盛顿横渡特拉华河的场景。
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[11] Bessie,Alvah. Alvah Bessie’s Spanish Civil War Notebooks. Ed. Dan Bessie. Lexington,KY:University Press of Kentucky,2002.,p.70.
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[12] Bessie,Alvah. Men in Battle:A Story of Americans in Spain. New York:Scribner’s,1939.,p.219.
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[13] Fischer,Louis. Men and Politics:An Autobiography. New York:Duell,Sloan and Pearce,1941.,pp.541-550.
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[14] 98华氏度约合37摄氏度,134华氏度约合57摄氏度。
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[15] Bessie,Alvah. Men in Battle:A Story of Americans in Spain. New York:Scribner’s,1939.,p.215;William C. Beeching,Canadian Volunteers:Spain,1936-1939(Regina,SK:Canadian Plains Research Center,1989),p.152;Bessie,Alvah. Men in Battle:A Story of Americans in Spain. New York:Scribner’s,1939.,pp.221,176.
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[16] Bessie,Alvah. Men in Battle:A Story of Americans in Spain. New York:Scribner’s,1939.,pp.222,257,264.
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[17] 工会标签是当时为证明某展品为工会会员产销而附上的标签,此处暗指国民军传单为虚假宣传。
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[18] Eby,Cecil D. Comrades and Commissars:The Lincoln Battalion in the Spanish Civil War. University Park,PA:Pennsylvania State University Press,2007.,p.405.
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[19] Bessie,Alvah. Men in Battle:A Story of Americans in Spain. New York:Scribner’s,1939.,pp.243,293.
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[20] Bessie,Alvah. Men in Battle:A Story of Americans in Spain. New York:Scribner’s,1939.,p.268.
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[21] Bessie,Alvah. Men in Battle:A Story of Americans in Spain. New York:Scribner’s,1939.,p.337.
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[22] Preston,Paul. The Spanish Holocaust:Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. New York:Norton,2012.,p.313.
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[23] Cowles,Virginia. Looking for Trouble. New York:Harper & Brothers,1941.,pp.155,171.
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