打字猴:1.706446565e+09
1706446565
1706446566 舍穆瓦新接的任务,似乎和他的波斯之行或他的新圣殿骑士团一样无望成功,情势不容许他花几个月时间慢慢进入状态。青年土耳其党革命、波斯尼亚并吞危机、巴尔干诸国日益强势申明自身立场这三件事,全与俄国、法国的安全有某种利害关系。这三者的急速合流,意味着在如何保留土耳其辖下欧洲地区上,国际仍未有共识。罗伯特·兰辛从美国国务院写道:“巴尔干半岛是诸民族的战场,是村子熊熊燃烧的地方,是猝然失去性命的地方……‘和平’是遭人遗忘的字眼。斯拉夫人、阿尔巴尼亚人、希腊人、土耳其人争夺这块土地,为此,用他们的血淹没它,使它覆满灰烬。”[59]俾斯麦曾著名地宣称,说这地区“不值得让波美拉尼亚精锐部队付出性命”,但这一宣示这时看来愈来愈站不住脚。奥匈帝国和其他强权不久后终将躲不掉这场杀伐。
1706446567
1706446568 [1] Sean McMeekin,The Russian Origins of the First World War(Cambridge,MA:Belknap Press,2011),6-23;William C. Fuller Jr.,Strategy and Power in Russia 1600-1914(New York:Free Press,1992),432-451;Bruce W. Menning,Bayonets Before Bullets:The Imperial Russian Army 1861-1914(Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1992),222-227.
1706446569
1706446570 [2] Charles Emmerson,1913(New York:Public Affairs,2013),93.
1706446571
1706446572 [3] Geoffrey Wawro,Warfare and Society in Europe 1792—1914(London:Routledge,2000),212.
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1706446574 [4] Service Historique de l’Armée de Terre,Vincennes(SHAT),EMA 7N 1128,Vienna,Feb. 25,1897,Cdt de Berckheim,“Péninsule Balkanique”;Barbara Jelavich,History of the Balkans(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983),2:109-110.
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1706446576 [5] National Archives and Records Administration,Washington,DC(NARA),M 862,roll 940,Oct. 11,1914,“Interview with Prince Lazarevich-Hraselianovic”;Andre Mitrovic,Serbia’s Great War 1914-1918(West Lafayette,IN:Purdue University Press,2007),59-60.
1706446577
1706446578 [6] Mitrovic,Serbia’s Great War,62-63.
1706446579
1706446580 [7] Hugo Hantsch,Leopold Graf Berchtold(Graz:Verlag Styria,1963),2:17-18.
1706446581
1706446582 [8] Karl Kraus,“Franz Ferdinand und die Talente,” Die Fackel 7,no. 400(1914):2:“Politik ist das,was man macht,um nicht zu zeigen was man ist.”
1706446583
1706446584 [9]Reichspost,Jan. 9,1913.
1706446585
1706446586 [10] NARA,M 862,roll 940,Mar. 1909,Robert Lansing,“Nationality and the Present Balkan Situation”;M 862,roll 940,Oct. 11,1914,“Interview with Prince Lazarevich-Hraselianovic.”
1706446587
1706446588 [11] Norman Stone,“Army and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy,1900-1914,” Past and Present 33,no. 1(1966):107.
1706446589
1706446590 [12] Georg von Alten,Handbuch für Heer und Flotte(Berlin:Deutsches Verlagshaus,1909-1914),6:639.
1706446591
1706446592 [13] Georg von Alten,Handbuch für Heer und Flotte(Berlin:Deutsches Verlagshaus,1909-1914),6:639-640.
1706446593
1706446594 [14] Michael Stephenson,The Last Full Measure:How Soldiers Die in Battle(New York:Crown,2012),234-235.
1706446595
1706446596 [15] Georg Markus,Der Fall Redl(Vienna:Amalthea Verlag,1984),43.
1706446597
1706446598 [16] Gunther E. Rothenberg,The Army of Francis Joseph(West Lafayette,IN:Purdue University Press,125-127);Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf,Infanteristische Fragen und die Erscheinungen des Boerenkrieges(Vienna:Seidel,1903),4.
1706446599
1706446600 [17] Kurt Peball,“Der Feldzug gegen Serbien und Montenegro im Jahre 1914,” Österreichische Militärische Zeitschrift Sonderheft I(1965):20;Samuel R. Williamson Jr.,Austria-Hungary and the Origins of the First World War(New York:St. Martin’s,1991),63.
1706446601
1706446602 [18] NARA,M 862,roll 940,Vienna,Oct. 4,1908,O’Shaughnessy to Root,and Mar. 1909,Robert Lansing,“Nationality and the Present Balkan Situation”;Boston Herald,Oct. 9,1908.
1706446603
1706446604 [19] Kriegsarchiv,Vienna(KA),B/1503:4,Sarajevo,Oct. 19,1914,Theodor Zurunic,“Promemoria.”
1706446605
1706446606 [20] KA,B/232:11,Sarajevo,Feb. 23,1909,FML Appel to Ob. Brosch;British National Archives,Kew(BNA),FO 120/907,Vienna,Oct. 28,1913.
1706446607
1706446608 [21] Norman Stone,The Eastern Front 1914-1917(London:Penguin,1998[1975]),1.22;Williamson,Austria-Hungary and the Origins,44;Gunther E. Rothenberg,“The Austro-Hungarian Campaign Against Serbia in 1914,” Journal of Military History,Apr. 1989,128-129;Conrad,Infanteristische,4-5;SHAT,7N 1125,Vienna,July 1,1882,Capt. Blanche,Vienna,Jan. 1914,7N 846,2èmc Bureau,Paris,Mar. 29,1913,Cdt. Girard,“L’Armée Austro-Hongroise”;Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf,Aus Meiner Dienstzeit 1906-1918(Vienna:Rikola,1921-1923),1:39-40.
1706446609
1706446610 [22] KA,B/677:0-10,4(Auffenberg),Vienna,Jan. 1,1913,“Memorandum nach meiner Demission als Kriegsminister.”
1706446611
1706446612 [23] Stone,Eastern Front,123;Rothenberg,Army of Francis Joseph,111.
1706446613
1706446614 [24] KA,B/677:0-10(Auffenberg),Sarajevo,July 1910,“Geist und innere Verfassung der Armee 1910”;BNA,FO 120/906,Vienna,Jan. 16 and Mar. 14,1913,Maj. Thomas Cuninghame to Cartwright.
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